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早熟陆地棉主要性状配合力及杂种优势分析

2019-10-22孔宪辉王旭文

新疆农业科学 2019年8期
关键词:衣分杂种优势籽棉

刘 丽,孔宪辉,王旭文,王 娟,余 渝

(新疆农垦科学院棉花研究所/农业部西北内陆区棉花生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/新疆兵团棉花遗传改良与高产栽培重点实验室,新疆石河子 832000)

0 引 言

【研究意义】2018年新疆棉花种植面积达到3 700多万亩,占全国棉花种植面积的80%[1]。高产、优质的棉花品种离不开优良亲本的筛选和优势组合的选育。杂交棉选育周期短,增产效益主要来自杂种一代的杂种优势[2]。评价亲本材料的配合力以及研究杂交组合杂种优势对杂交棉育种与应用具有重要意义[3]。杂种优势预测技术可提高选育强优势杂交种的科学性和预见性,而配合力分析就是其中最重要的预测手段。在育种过程中,亲本的一般配合力(General combining ability,GCA)是关键,兼顾组合的特殊配合力(Specific combining ability,SCA)来改善品种的农艺性状和品质性状。【前人研究进展】随着棉花高产、高品质育种难度的增加,杂种优势利用是提高单位面积产量、品质的有效途径之一,越来越受国内外研究者的关注[4-8]。棉花杂种优势表现在产量、品质、生长发育、生理生化、亚细胞结构直至分子水平等各种层次上[9-10]。生产实践表明,利用棉花杂种优势能够大幅度提高纤维产量,改善纤维品质和增强抗病虫等逆境能力[11]。【本研究切入点】有研究表明,陆地棉具有高产、优质、早熟、抗逆性强等杂种优势,但因主要经济性状均为数量性状,受微效多基因及环境影响,使得杂交棉性状表现极其复杂[12]。陆地棉品种间F1代皮棉产量及其构成因素表现出一定的正向超亲优势,纤维长度和细度表现出负向超亲优势[13];F1代中亲优势中,以皮棉产量最大,单株铃数和铃质量次之,子指和衣分较小[14]。【拟解决的关键问题】研究选用17个早熟陆地棉品种,采用6×11的NCⅡ设计[15],组配66个杂交棉组合,通过田间试验,评价17份亲本材料的遗传特性、分析F1代产量和纤维品质的杂种优势和配合力,筛选杂种优势的最佳组合,为强优势组合的亲本选配提供一定依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材 料

试验选用17个新疆早熟陆地棉品种,包括6个父本(B1~B6)、11个母本(A1~A11),CK为新陆早61号。2016年夏季按6×11的NCⅡ设计组配不完全双列杂交,得到66个新组合。表1

表1 供试材料来源
Table 1 Origin of experimental materials

亲本Par-ents来源Origin株高Plant height始节高First fruit branch height始节位First fruit branch posi-tion果枝数Num-ber of fruit branch单株铃数Boll number per plant籽棉产量Seed cotton yield衣分Lint per-cent百粒重Hun-dred-grain weight衣指Lint index长度Fiber length整齐度Fiber unifo-rmity马克隆值Micr-onaire value比强度Fiber stre-ngth伸长率Fiber elon-gationB1125-170.0721.876.677.209.001.8041.0318.037.3031.0686.234.2432.076.87B215-7477.9330.736.007.136.272.1344.3817.907.8328.7384.674.6930.176.67B323-9086.8730.735.677.337.072.5041.7817.477.2029.7886.974.6030.336.73B442-3480.3326.475.937.806.802.4346.1917.137.9329.2685.134.8029.476.77B572-4768.0021.405.877.207.471.9742.7217.437.6030.5386.434.6430.436.87B6H6581.7330.606.936.937.272.5039.7319.537.6029.0483.974.5029.576.80A110-10178.6027.936.736.476.132.5741.2018.237.4330.8886.204.4531.906.83A219-5388.2733.536.077.077.272.4738.2518.677.2330.5687.034.5131.137.00A348-3386.7335.137.007.137.272.4343.1119.038.1031.3085.604.4631.936.80A4H1-482.2727.406.078.277.472.3043.1017.807.3031.0484.204.2530.637.00A5H7-14376.4024.075.807.336.802.1042.3517.177.4330.9786.634.3332.276.97A6惠远140366.7320.734.677.006.602.1745.7716.137.4028.5485.734.2733.076.77A7九棉2580.8023.335.608.077.332.8041.1618.407.5730.1783.774.2029.876.83A8天云113370.9323.936.137.006.732.1342.9419.178.0731.3285.303.9331.377.00A9新农早11273.9322.275.738.607.802.5342.2817.277.5729.5684.674.0930.976.77A10新农早11375.0729.275.676.275.071.9338.2919.837.8328.5185.775.1830.676.73A11新石H1276.6026.476.336.536.732.3043.6214.037.5729.6785.374.4330.036.80CK新陆早61号78.3332.325.676.636.302.4242.7617.307.4530.5286.424.4032.476.90

1.2 方 法

田间试验于2016~2017年在新疆农垦科学院试验地进行。2017年试验材料为F1组合、全部亲本和对照。试验采用随机区组设计,双行区,3次重复;行长5 m,行距30+60 cm,株距10 cm,播种密度22.23×104株/hm2,田间管理同大田。

试验分小区收花计产(kg/小区);田间调查取样,每小区随机选取连续正常生长植株10株(边行5株,中间行5株),调查株高、始果节位、始果节高、结铃数、果枝数等;收获前取中部10个棉铃考种,测定百粒重(g)、衣指、衣分(%),取混合棉样回室内采用HVI900检测棉花品质,测定绒长(纤维2.5%跨距长度)、整齐度、比强度、伸长率和马克隆值。

杂种优势分别基于双亲平均值(MP)和高亲平均值(HP)计算。以F1和CK分别代表杂种一代和对照性状的平均值,则中亲优势=(F1-MP)×100%/MP,超亲优势=(F1-HP)×100%/HP,竞争优势=(F1-CK)×100%/CK。利用Excel 2007和DPS软件进行数据整理和配合力分析[15-16]。

2 结果与分析

2.1 性状平均表现与配合力方差

研究表明,各组合中除始节位、衣指和伸长率在F1代无显著差异外,其他11个性状均达到显著或极显著水平,这些性状在组合间存在真实的遗传差异,株高、始节高、果枝数、铃数、产量、百粒重、马克隆值等7个性状双亲的GCA和SCA方差均达到显著水平,这7个性状在杂交组合间的表现差异是加性基因和非加性基因共同作用的结果;始节位、衣分、百粒重和比强等4个性状双亲的GCA方差达到了显著水平,SCA均不显著,这些性状主要受双亲的影响较大。衣指主要受父本的影响较大,伸长率受母本的影响较大,整齐度受母本的GCA和SCA的影响。在这些性状上应有选择地加强对亲本的选配和优良杂交组合的筛选。表2

表2 F1代14个性状亲本GCA及杂交组合SCA方差
Table 2 The parents GCA and cross combination SCA anova of 14 traits

性状Traits株高Plant height始节高First fruit branch height始节位First fruit branch position果枝数Number of fruit branch单株铃数Boll number per plant籽棉产量Seed cotton yield衣分Lint percent百粒重Hun-dred- weight衣指 Lint index长度Fiber length整齐度Fiber unifo-rmity马克隆值Micr-onaire value比强度Fiber stre-ngth伸长率Fiber elong-ation区组Repeat36.93 66.11 35.43 1.66 0.41 0.12 0.3271.260.32.4221.420.150.040.07∗∗组合Comb-ination128.41∗∗33.72∗∗0.69 1.75∗∗2.23∗∗0.12∗∗8.44∗∗2.66∗∗0.472.64∗∗1.53∗∗0.37∗∗2.93∗∗0.02父本P1Male parent374.82∗∗148.37∗∗0.47∗∗2.78∗∗8.59∗∗0.28∗∗64.71∗∗11.52∗∗1.07∗6.55∗1.870.56∗6.67∗0.01母本P2Female parent387.61∗∗43.21∗∗2.36∗∗4.01∗∗2.78∗ 0.23∗∗11.23∗∗4.48∗∗0.493.99∗3.19∗∗1.29∗∗5.35∗0.04∗∗P1×P251.93∗∗20.36∗∗0.38 1.19∗∗1.49∗ 0.08∗∗2.261.410.411.97∗∗1.17∗0.17∗∗2.070.01误差Error14.20 10.71 0.78 0.57 1.02 0.04 2.461.460.380.820.780.061.620.01

2.2 性状平均表现及遗传力

供试材料及其杂交后代变异丰富,不同性状的遗传力有很大的差异。大多性状广义遗传力大于40%,株高广义遗传力可达74.28%。只有株高、衣分和马克隆值等3个性状狭义遗传力大于40%。狭义遗传力低的性状受环境影响相对较大,始节位、衣指、整齐度指数和伸长率的狭义遗传力很低。F1代(早代)对株高、衣分和马克隆值等性状的选择效果较好。表3

2.3 杂种优势

F1代以籽棉产量的竞争优势、中亲优势和超亲优势最高,竞争优势平均为5.49%,中亲优势平均为11.77%,超亲优势平均为8.97%。14个性状中,除株高、始节位和铃数外,其他11个性状的中亲优势都为正向,表现出不同程度的杂种优势,果枝数、衣分、衣指、马克隆值和比强的中亲优势较大,分别为2.58%、3.55%、2.62%、2.52%和1.54%;与产量密切相关的果枝数、衣分、衣指等性状在超亲优势中也都呈明显的正向优势;在竞争优势中,以果枝数、籽棉产量、衣分、百粒重、衣指和马克隆值为正向优势。表3

表3 亲本和F1代各性状杂种优势平均值
Table 3 The heterosis average of all traits for F1generation and parents

性状Traits亲本平均表现Parents average组合平均表现F1average广义遗传力Broad-sense heritability狭义遗传力Narrow-sense heritability中亲优势Mid-parent heterosis超亲优势Heterobeltiosis竞争优势Competitive advantage范围Range平均值Average范围Range平均值Average范围Range平均值Average株高Plant height77.67 76.53 74.28 51.50 -29.18~21.28-1.46 -29.34~21.00-1.69 -29.79~16.84-2.30 始节高First fruit branch height26.85 26.96 43.87 26.99 -29.23~42.271.29 -29.54~41.650.85 -41.21~15.40-15.85 始节位First fruit branch position6.08 5.50 12.72 12.72 -53.94~31.58-9.55 -54.67~29.49-10.99 -50.59~29.17-2.96 果枝数Number of fruit branch7.26 7.44 41.95 20.89 -33.86~35.032.58 -33.94~34.862.45 -27.64~32.3112.24 单株铃数Boll number per plant7.24 6.26 40.34 19.61 -44.75~35.35-3.51 -47.67~28.20-18.08 -36.51~35.71-0.60 籽棉产量Seed cotton yield2.28 2.55 40.22 21.35 -12.31~53.4511.77 -14.50~49.618.97 -17.24~30.955.49 衣分Lint percent42.32 43.83 49.28 49.28 -14.23~27.833.55 -14.87~26.882.78 -15.10~26.532.50 百粒重Hundred-grain weight17.86 17.82 24.61 24.61 -28.31~25.450.09 -28.56~25.02-0.25 -26.01~29.483.31 衣指Lint index7.58 7.78 8.40 5.91 -78.90~23.942.62 -78.92~23.832.53 -78.52~26.174.47 长度Fiber length29.98 30.13 43.83 17.27 -31.46~9.840.48 -32.02~8.93-0.34 -32.66~7.91-1.28 整齐度Fiber uniformity85.52 85.80 25.41 12.86 -2.72~3.130.32 -2.77~3.080.27 -3.72~2.06-0.72 马克隆值Micronaire value4.48 4.59 63.36 42.70 -21.81~23.982.52 -23.58~21.180.20 -20.45~26.144.30 比强度Fiber strength30.80 31.27 40.4515.35-11.03~19.161.54 -12.34~17.410.05 -15.61~13.04-3.68 伸长率Fiber elongation6.82 6.87 12.849.71-3.28~5.520.71 -3.84~4.900.13 -4.35~4.35-0.40

2.4 配合力

2.4.1 亲本的GCA

研究表明,在籽棉产量上,母本A6的GCA最大,父本B1、B3、B4,母本A4、A7、A9和A10的GCA都为正值,用这些亲本较易配出高产组合。母本A8的株高、百粒重、衣指和纤维长度的GCA最大,在选择这些性状上可以考虑用亲本A8来组配。母本A10的比强的GCA最大。父本B4的衣分的GCA最大。产量性状GCA好的亲本是B3、B4、A4、A6、A9;品质性状GCA好的亲本是B1、B3、A5、A8。表4

表4 亲本GCA效应值
Table 4 GCA of parents in different traits

亲本Parents株高Plant height始节高First fruit branch height始节位First fruit branch position果枝数Number of fruit branch单株铃数Boll number per plant籽棉产量Seed cotton yield衣分Lint percent百粒重Hundred-grain weight衣指Lint index长度Fiber length整齐度Fiber unif-ormity马克隆值Micro-naire value比强度Fiber strength伸长率Fiber elong-ationB1-3.20-1.650.06-0.060.530.05-1.100.23-0.060.370.14-0.140.49-0.01B2-0.721.430.10-0.19-0.44-0.020.73-0.48-0.13-0.02-0.29-0.07-0.010.02B34.761.980.000.110.530.11-0.900.18-0.030.350.160.000.500.02B41.120.550.050.540.250.072.31-0.810.34-0.68-0.220.23-0.47-0.01B5-4.50-3.48-0.23-0.18-0.20-0.070.31-0.01-0.140.350.310.050.04-0.01B6-2.461.170.02-0.22-0.67-0.14-1.350.880.02-0.37-0.10-0.07-0.55-0.02A13.51-1.11-0.10-0.070.80-0.06-0.930.26-0.17-0.110.71-0.200.540.06A27.020.10-0.10-0.52-0.37-0.01-1.15-0.03-0.160.080.170.170.130.03A31.073.750.42-0.89-0.42-0.120.230.370.130.060.00-0.06-0.26-0.06A4-1.120.940.100.650.040.050.61-0.36-0.010.000.25-0.15-0.310.00A5-3.970.22-0.010.09-0.28-0.030.430.060.210.100.280.250.620.03A61.69-0.390.190.640.440.28-0.53-0.30-0.080.36-0.47-0.37-0.370.00A7-1.390.200.26-0.170.100.021.28-0.59-0.15-0.100.340.350.360.04A8-10.44-2.480.320.380.13-0.17-0.680.950.281.09-0.22-0.240.150.00A9-2.45-0.97-0.52-0.210.230.030.910.080.16-0.77-0.750.09-1.00-0.10A101.510.33-0.77-0.18-0.380.04-0.440.38-0.13-0.370.080.420.71-0.01A11-4.60-0.580.200.28-0.28-0.040.27-0.81-0.08-0.35-0.37-0.24-0.570.00

2.4.2 杂交组合的SCA

研究表明,供试组合SCA在不同性状上各不相同。籽棉产量SCA最高的组合是A1×B4,衣分为A1×B2,长度为A11×B4,比强为A10×B5,铃数为A9×B3,果枝数为A8×B2。株高SCA最低的为A4×B3,始节高SCA最低的为A2×B5,始节位SCA最低的为A9×B5,马克隆值SCA最低的为A8×B1。

从产量和品质性状综合来看,A1×B5、A3×B1、A4×B1、A8×B1等组合具有较大利用潜力。

两个GCA高的亲本组合不一定能产生SCA高的杂交组合;同一亲本组配不同亲本时,杂交组合的SCA效应值会有较大的变化;在选择高产组合时,应注重选择GCA的高的亲本,要选择至少一个GCA高的材料作亲本,同时兼顾SCA的选择。在杂交育种时,同时注重亲本的GCA和组合的SCA。表5

3 讨 论

杂交棉育种的目的是通过不同亲本间的杂交,选育出在农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状上能优于其亲本的杂交组合[16]。配合力是杂交组合中亲本各性状配合能力的一个指标,在育种工作中可以作为选配亲本的依据。亲本的GCA是后代的遗传基础,而SCA是发挥杂种优势,配制强优势组合的关键[17]。试验对亲本材料的GCA和杂种优势进行研究,为筛选高优势组合提供了依据。

表5 各组合SCA效应值
Table 5 SCA of hybrids in different traits

组合Combi-nation株高Plant height始节高First fruit branch height始节位First fruit branch position果枝数Number of fruit branch单株铃数Boll number per plant籽棉产量Seed cotton yield衣分Lint percent百粒重Hundred-grain weight衣指 Lint index长度Fiber length整齐度Fiber unifo-rmity马克隆值Micro-naire value比强度Fiber strength伸长率Fiber elong-ationA1×B16.232.21-0.53-0.32-0.17-0.07-0.29-0.21-0.010.98-0.510.060.13-0.01A1×B2-5.13-0.680.50-0.32-0.36-0.222.840.07-0.11-1.67-1.81-0.04-2.44-0.13A1×B32.400.31-0.06-0.021.20-0.20-1.031.360.441.121.440.211.230.04A1×B45.572.070.02-0.05-0.050.51-0.370.16-0.22-1.860.810.01-0.340.04A1×B50.12-1.57-0.330.800.000.12-0.60-0.83-0.100.450.65-0.180.850.07A1×B60.82-2.350.33-0.15-0.63-0.15-1.58-0.30-0.170.880.12-0.251.100.02A2×B1-1.750.800.47-0.60-0.830.110.390.280.10-0.06-0.30-0.09-0.33-0.07A2×B21.694.910.170.330.880.08-1.84-0.41-0.23-0.200.860.070.770.11A2×B33.622.23-0.20-0.290.140.02-0.46-0.40-0.321.06-0.62-0.14-0.27-0.02A2×B40.793.06-0.21-0.20-0.14-0.07-0.120.550.160.730.150.04-0.20-0.02A2×B510.68-10.78-0.40-0.88-0.89-0.040.42-0.010.18-1.280.090.17-0.28-0.06A2×B6-5.03-0.220.001.130.84-0.100.37-0.04-0.05-0.170.000.120.440.08A3×B11.470.01-0.250.500.100.09-0.58-0.76-0.380.080.56-0.040.33-0.06A3×B21.92-0.940.38-0.17-0.230.050.45-0.350.01-0.03-0.04-0.080.660.06A3×B30.711.110.28-0.56-0.300.16-0.430.260.01-0.23-0.16-0.10-1.100.01A3×B42.480.470.66-0.89-0.15-0.170.140.980.210.28-0.420.100.620.06A3×B54.030.500.200.620.16-0.03-0.060.390.430.77-0.210.31-0.19-0.08A3×B6-0.61-1.15-0.39-0.400.43-0.100.60-0.15-0.14-0.820.26-0.24-0.57-0.07A4×B13.06-2.850.001.200.630.120.040.580.390.750.41-0.151.410.09A4×B20.17-3.53-0.300.560.34-0.040.800.150.250.08-0.460.190.610.00A4×B3-5.640.590.270.64-0.83-0.100.17-0.74-0.16-1.020.780.01-0.670.01A4×B43.74-1.050.39-0.900.12-0.03-0.51-0.22-0.260.61-0.10-0.21-0.75-0.06A4×B50.293.710.00-0.72-0.700.040.19-0.45-0.07-0.67-0.560.00-0.67-0.03A4×B68.383.13-0.14-0.140.430.01-0.190.32-0.170.250.180.02-0.25-0.02A5×B16.50-1.19-0.09-0.47-0.18-0.140.68-0.58-0.320.240.25-0.05-0.590.02A5×B20.622.120.14-0.610.060.16-0.65-0.64-0.160.630.15-0.090.050.00A5×B3-0.26-1.030.110.11-0.170.070.54-0.200.24-0.48-0.160.211.430.08A5×B42.18-2.86-0.340.73-0.02-0.190.430.620.000.67-0.030.28-0.090.04A5×B5-1.672.300.000.310.09-0.05-0.390.560.26-0.24-0.390.03-1.27-0.13A5×B62.630.650.180.020.220.15-0.280.300.19-0.720.45-0.141.080.01A6×B10.640.550.45-0.22-1.23-0.21-0.46-0.09-0.100.60-0.490.110.240.05A6×B23.59-0.170.41-0.100.07-0.01-1.200.05-0.170.27-0.09-0.490.910.04A6×B32.350.18-0.290.640.370.230.71-0.34-0.06-0.150.28-0.30-2.00-0.02A6×B44.060.480.050.410.250.30-0.210.780.12-0.52-0.57-0.010.44-0.03A6×B5-0.932.110.33-0.57-0.30-0.160.66-0.010.210.45-0.100.120.16-0.03A6×B60.30-3.14-0.560.470.83-0.16-0.12-0.71-0.09-0.290.510.19-0.12-0.02A7×B10.860.36-0.290.18-0.230.150.740.040.10-0.500.500.37-0.560.01

续表5 各组合SCA效应值
Table 5 SCA of hybrids in different traits

组合Combi-nation株高Plant height始节高First fruit branch height始节位First fruit branch position果枝数Number of fruit branch单株铃数Boll number per plant籽棉产量Seed cotton yield衣分Lint percent百粒重Hundred-grain weight衣指 Lint index长度Fiber length整齐度Fiber unifo-rmity马克隆值Micro-naire value比强度Fiber strength伸长率Fiber elong-ationA7×B26.040.81-0.06-0.42-0.33-0.09-1.330.42-0.040.530.19-0.220.91-0.01A7×B31.03-2.44-0.55-0.22-0.100.021.07-0.60-0.09-0.070.310.180.800.04A7×B4-0.391.560.520.45-0.01-0.070.460.18-0.140.040.150.11-0.03-0.01A7×B53.89-1.580.60-0.430.500.00-0.51-0.050.18-0.240.05-0.130.16-0.01A7×B6-1.421.280.310.280.170.000.75-0.58-0.160.14-0.870.04-0.920.00A8×B12.110.64-0.020.431.410.04-2.040.20-0.360.060.75-0.55-0.480.05A8×B26.09-1.58-0.461.59-0.190.071.06-0.330.141.30-0.450.13-0.01-0.03A8×B3-0.79-1.260.050.31-0.99-0.29-1.330.00-0.261.00-0.26-0.170.63-0.02A8×B44.121.170.19-0.63-0.04-0.090.510.530.19-1.08-0.200.370.08-0.03A8×B5-5.232.871.07-0.850.010.050.820.710.45-0.510.540.09-0.460.00A8×B63.70-1.85-0.16-0.47-0.190.220.20-0.160.120.32-0.61-0.110.390.01A9×B1-2.75-2.130.490.03-0.950.040.50-0.600.02-0.03-0.980.070.33-0.01A9×B2-0.971.98-0.28-0.98-0.650.030.370.51-0.05-0.790.02-0.02-0.50-0.06A9×B35.42-0.360.36-0.291.65-0.130.47-0.100.08-0.52-0.89-0.07-0.17-0.09A9×B4-4.14-1.93-0.480.630.460.01-0.280.21-0.020.180.34-0.130.030.04A9×B510.480.80-1.200.680.850.150.19-0.250.10-0.57-0.260.07-0.39-0.03A9×B61.971.650.09-0.28-1.35-0.11-0.450.320.030.961.020.16-0.300.04A10×B1-3.97-0.53-0.47-0.47-0.140.030.550.040.34-1.070.560.490.26-0.10A10×B21.87-2.92-0.37-0.610.090.16-0.050.640.61-0.090.290.13-0.54-0.02A10×B39.602.840.340.18-0.210.07-1.530.70-0.060.36-0.460.230.830.01A10×B4-1.23-1.53-0.610.500.41-0.19-0.07-0.990.27-0.370.18-0.32-0.44-0.05A10×B51.520.60-0.530.580.32-0.12-0.53-0.12-1.781.20-0.32-0.351.910.18A10×B62.221.550.13-0.37-0.480.051.090.120.49-0.39-0.180.24-1.30-0.04A11×B15.942.140.24-0.261.59-0.160.481.090.23-1.05-0.76-0.22-0.76-0.15A11×B22.45-0.01-0.130.730.33-0.19-0.46-0.10-0.27-0.021.340.41-0.420.04A11×B3-0.09-2.16-0.30-0.49-0.770.150.710.060.18-1.08-0.26-0.04-0.70-0.02A11×B41.15-1.46-0.08-0.06-0.82-0.010.03-2.80-0.311.33-0.31-0.220.670.01A11×B5-4.831.030.270.46-0.040.03-0.200.070.140.630.50-0.120.190.13A11×B65.390.450.43-0.10-0.280.19-0.380.87-0.06-0.16-0.89-0.040.45-0.02

配合力是亲本的一种内在属性,受多种基因效应支配[18]。GCA主要是由基因的加性效应决定的,是可遗传的部分[19]。GCA高的性状,其遗传力也高,且受外界环境的影响较小,所以通过GCA的测定,可以反映亲本的利用价值,预测杂种后代的表现[20]。一般来说,果枝数、铃数、籽棉产量、衣分、长度、整齐度、比强等性状的GCA越高越好,而株高、始节高、始节位、马克隆值等性状的GCA越低越好。研究分析了17个早熟陆地棉为亲本的GCA,其中母本A6和父本B3的在籽棉产量上的GCA最大,衣分GCA效应最大的为父本B4;纤维品质性状GCA较大的为母本A8和父本B1,在组配高产优质的组合时首先考虑这些GCA效应较大的亲本。

SCA是两个亲本杂后通过相互作用才能表现的非加性效应,即基因的显性和上位性效应,是不能稳定遗传的[21]。在供试组合中,F1籽棉产量SCA较优的组合为A1×B4、A6×B3和A6×B4,在试验中,其籽棉产量比对照新陆早61号分别超出29.9%、31%和32.4%,说明通过不完全双列杂交进行杂种优势研究可筛选到高产优势的组合,这些组合可在杂交棉的选育中加以利用。通过对亲本和杂交组合各性状的GCA和SCA分析发现,双亲GCA和组合SCA相互独立,组合SCA与其亲本GCA效应并不对应,亲本GCA高的性状,组合SCA不一定高;亲本GCA低的性状,组合SCA并不一定低,进一步说明不同棉花品种间存在GCA和SCA差异,需要通过筛选来获得具有竞争优势的新组合[17]。研究结果中,从产量和品质性状综合来看,A1×B5(10-101×72-47),A3×B1(48-33×125-1),A4×B1(H1-4×125-1),A8×B1(天云1133×125-1)等组合具有较大利用潜力。

杂种优势是自然界普遍存在的一种生物学现象[22-24],已经在农业生产上得到广泛的应用。杂种优势的产生主要有两个原因,一是超显性;二是基因效应的分散性,即增效基因分散在不同的亲本中,不同位点显性基因效应互补[21]。研究表明,棉花产量等性状存在明显的中亲杂种优势,竞争杂种优势是具有直接经济意义的衡量标准,即“有用杂种优势”[10]。研究通过杂种优势分析发现,F1的产量性状和品质性状都有不同程度的中亲优势、超亲优势和竞争优势,但值得注意的是马克隆值的竞争优势明显,F1的马克隆值较高,带来新的问题,棉花纺织工业所期望的马克隆值不超过5.0,但就目前新疆杂交棉品质来看,马克隆值较高已成为亟待解决的问题之一。这就需要加强亲本GCA选择外,还应注重SCA的选择,以及考虑综合性状表现[17]。

4 结 论

4.1 供试材料及其杂交后代变异丰富,不同性状的遗传力有很大的差异。F1代对株高、衣分和马克隆值等性状的选择效果较好。F1代籽棉产量的竞争优势、中亲优势和超亲优势最高。

4.2 产量性状GCA好的亲本是B3(23-90),B4(42-34),A4(H1-4),A6(惠远1403),A9(新农早112);品质性状GCA好的亲本是B1(125-1),B3(23-90),A5(H7-143),A8(天云1133)。

4.3 供试组合SCA在不同性状上各不相同。从产量和品质性状综合来看,A1×B5(10-101×72-47),A3×B1(48-33×125-1),A4×B1(H1-4×125-1),A8×B1(天云1133×125-1)等组合具有较大利用潜力。

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