微小RNA在类风湿关节炎Toll样受体信号通路中的研究进展
2019-10-19张娜张莉芸张改连
张娜 张莉芸 张改连
[摘要] 类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以慢性滑膜增生导致的进行性软骨及骨质破坏的自身免疫病,致残致畸率高,病因尚不完全清楚。目前RA治疗主要包括非甾体类抗炎药、激素、慢作用抗风湿药及生物制剂,尽管提高了疾病缓解率,但对已经形成的关节破坏无法修复,且存在副作用大、价格昂贵等缺点,因此急需寻找一种新的治疗手段,而深入了解RA的发病机制则尤为关键。本文综述了微小RNA在RA Toll样受体信号通路中的调控作用,以期为寻找新的RA治疗靶点提供参考。
[关键词] 类风湿关节炎;微小RNA;Toll样受体信号通路;治疗靶点
[中图分类号] R593.22 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)08(b)-0034-04
[Abstract] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with progressive destruction of cartilage and bone caused by chronic synovial hyperplasia. It has a high rate of disability and teratogenesis, and the etiology is not fully understood. At present, the treatment of RA mainly includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones, slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs and biological agents. Although it improves the remission rate of the disease, it can not repair the damaged joints that have been formed, and there are many disadvantages, such as large side effects and high price. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new treatment method, and to understand the pathogenesis of RA in depth. Mechanisms are particularly critical. This review summarizes the regulatory role of miRNA in RA Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in order to provide reference for finding new therapeutic targets for RA.
[Key words] Rheumatoid arthritis; miRNA; Toll-like receptor signaling pathway; Therapeutic target
類风湿关节炎(RA)是一种常见的自身免疫病,其病理学特点主要为滑膜增生和慢性滑膜炎引起的不可逆骨破坏,病因及发病机制尚不完全清楚。其中,Toll样受体(TLR)通过识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMP)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMP),导致核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化,引起多种炎性因子如白介素(IL)-1、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的分泌,并通过活化树突状细胞激活T细胞,T细胞进一步激活B细胞,从而在RA发病中扮演着重要角色。目前以TLR为靶点的药物尚处于临床试验阶段。本文将对微小RNA(miRNA)在RA TLR信号通路中的研究进展加以综述,为进一步了解RA发病机制提供新的视角,以及对RA的治疗提供新的靶点和思路。
1 miRNA的作用机制
miRNA是一组内源性的单链非编码RNA,长度大约22个核苷酸序列,最早在秀丽隐线虫中被发现,于1993年由Lee和他的同事[1]首次提出,是表观遗传学的重要内容之一。miRNA通过与靶mRNA的3′端非编码区(3′-UTR)结合导致mRNA降解或者抑制mRNA翻译负向调节靶基因的表达[2]。当miRNA与靶mRNA完全或接近完全互补配对时(这种情况在哺乳动物中极少见),靶基因mRNA被降解。大部分情况,miRNA与mRNA的3′UTR部分互补配对,此时抑制靶mRNA翻译[3]。在生物体内,多个miRNA可能作用于同一个mRNA靶基因,同一个miRNA也可能调控多个靶基因的表达,因此形成了复杂的调控网络。
2 TLR信号通路的作用结构
TLR是具有两个主要功能结构域的1型跨膜蛋白,用于配体结合的细胞外富含亮氨酸的重复结构域和募集细胞内信号分子的细胞质Toll/IL-1结构域(TIR)。TLR信号通路按是否需要接头蛋白髓样分化因子88(MyD88)介导,主要分MyD88依赖和非依赖性信号途经。除TLR-3外,所有其他TLR信号通路均由MyD88依赖途经介导。含有TIR结构域的衔接子MyD88在TLR介导的信号通路的机制中起关键作用。MyD88的C末端区域携带TIR结构域,N末端部分具有死亡结构域,其有助于与IL-1受体相关激酶(IRAK-1)相互作用。活化的磷酸化IRAK-1通过与TRAF(TNF受体活化因子6)结构域结合进一步募集TRAF-6。然后IRAK-1/TRAF6复合物从受体解离并与转化生长因子-β激活激酶1(TAK1)、TAK1结合蛋白1和2(TAB-1和TAB-2)以及其他相关蛋白如E3连接酶Ubc13和Uev1A相互作用[4]。然后激活的TAK-1使IκB激酶(IKK)复合物(IKK-α、IKK-β和IKK-γ)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)如细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)1/2、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38等磷酸化,导致激活两种不同的信号通路,如核因子κB(NF-κB)和MAPK通路[5],并进一步活化转录因子激活蛋白-1(AP-1),活化的AP-1进入细胞核后调控多种炎性因子、趋化因子基因的表达,最终导致IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α等释放增加。在非依赖性MyD88信号通路中,TLR直接或间接通过一种Mal蛋白,Toll样受体相关分子(TRAM)或β干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白(TRIF)等接头蛋白募集TRAF6,TRAF3和TNF受体相关死亡结构域蛋白(TRADD),TRAF3激活下游TANK结合激酶1(TBK1),干扰素调节因子3/7(IRF3/7)、MAPK、NF-κB,进而诱导下游促炎因子合成,因此非依赖性MyD88信号途经又叫TRIF依赖性途经。
3 miRNA與RA TLR信号通路
RA是一种多因素介导的自身免疫性疾病,病理特征为关节滑膜炎与血管翳的形成,并逐渐出现关节软骨和骨破坏,最终导致关节畸形和功能丧失。目前发病机制尚不完全清楚。RA中高表达的TLRs通过识别关节内PAMP与DAMP,活化NF-κB/MAPK/IRF-3,触发了多种炎性因子和趋化因子如IL-6、TNF-α、CXCL8、CXCL16、RANTES的分泌,最终导致关节炎症形成及骨破坏,参与了RA的发病。近来越来越多的研究表明,多种miRNA通过调控TLR信号途径的组分参与了RA的发病[6]。RASF在RA滑膜炎症形成、软骨和骨质破坏中发挥了核心作用[7],其表达多种主要的TLR受体,包括TLR-2、TLR-3、TLR-4、TLR-7、TLR-9[8-11],TLR通过激活NF-κB/MAPK/IRF-3增加主要促炎细胞因子、趋化因子、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)和血管内皮生长因子的表达[12]。研究表明,miR-146a在RASF中表达上调,miR-146a抑制TLR信号通路中TRAF-6和IRAK-1的表达,从而抑制RA中TLR下游关键衔接分子的产生,最终减轻RA炎症[13]。miR-155在RA的炎性反应中表现出双面作用。一方面,miR-155介导主要促炎细胞因子的释放;另一方面,RASF中miR-155上调,它负向调节TLR/IL-1R炎症途径的活化,通过靶向TAB-2、抑制TAK-1的活性从而下调TLR下游NF-κB和MAPK信号传导[14-15]。miR-573在RASF中表达增高,通过靶向TLR2和表皮生长因子受体,抑制了IL-6产生以及RASF的血管生成能力。此外,外源性miR-573表达抑制TLR信号通路中的MAPK活化,提示miR-573在RA病理过程中发挥保护作用[16]。因此miR-146a、miR-155、miR-573在RASF的上调均抑制了TLR信号通路的活化,减轻了RA的炎症。此外,RASF中miR19a/b、miR-20a、miR-10a下调,下调的miR19a/b使其直接靶标TLR2 mRNA表达增加,从而上调RASF中IL-6和MMP-3的释放,促进了RA的炎症与骨破坏,过表达miR19a/b后靶标TLR2表达降低,IL-6和MMP-3产生减少,提示miR-19a/b通过靶向TLR作为RA炎症的负调节因子[17]。miR-20a通过抑制TLR4通路的关键组成部分——凋亡信号调节激酶(ASK)1的表达,抑制RASF释放IL-6、CXCL10[18],下调的miR-10a可通过靶向IRAK4、TAK1来加速IκB降解和NF-κB活化,显著促进各种炎性细胞因子的产生,包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和MCP-1,以及MMP-1和MMP-13[19]。miR-23a在RA患者软骨组织中下调,miR-23a通过靶向软骨细胞中的IKKα抑制IL-17介导的促炎介质表达,如细胞因子IL-6,趋化因子MCP-1和MMP-3[20]。在动物模型中,miR-26a调节降植烷诱导关节炎大鼠(PIA)巨噬细胞中TLR-3途径的信号传导,过表达miR-26a可以负调节大鼠巨噬细胞中直接靶标TLR-3的表达,并改善降植烷诱导关节炎大鼠的关节炎[21]。另外,RA患者的单核细胞中let-7a的表达水平降低,let-7a的表达降低可通过增强抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体介导的ERK1/2、JNK的磷酸化以及增加Ras蛋白的表达来增加IL-1β的表达,从而促进炎症途径[22]。RA患者分离的中性粒细胞miR-451表达下调,miR-451的过表达通过靶向14-3-3ζ和Rab5a抑制了TLR信号通路下游p38-MAPK的磷酸化,从而抑制中性粒细胞趋化,在SKG小鼠中,miR-451治疗降低了关节炎的严重程度和浸润细胞的数量,这表明miR-451通过p38-MAPK抑制中性粒细胞趋化[23]。因此,过表达这些下调TLR信号通路的miRNA或许将成为RA治疗有希望的新靶点。越来越多的证据表明,miRNA可以作为TLR的生理配体,超越其常规功能的新作用,作为RA发病、肿瘤环境中基因表达、神经元变性的调节因子[24-25]。有趣的是,主要存在于RA滑液巨噬细胞中的miR-let-7b表达上调,被认为是潜在的TLR-7配体,通过从循环中募集骨髓细胞并进一步将其重塑为M1巨噬细胞,从而产生更高水平的促炎细胞因子,进而显著增强关节炎症[26]。这提示抑制miR-let-7b的表达或许是RA治疗的潜在靶标。未来的研究无疑将更多地揭示miRNA介导的TLR信号通路与RA之间的重要联系。
综上所述,miRNA可通过调控TLR信号通路的关键组分参与RA的发病,以组织特异性的方式过表达或抑制这些下调或上调TLR信号途径的miRNA或许将为RA提供一种新的、有效的治疗方法,这种疗法将减少TLR信号途径介导的促炎效应,随着基础研究的不断深入及更多miRNA深层分子机制的发现,相信在不久的未来将有望开发出以miRNA为靶点的通过调节TLR信号通路的RA的新疗法。
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(收稿日期:2019-02-19 本文編辑:李亚聪)