华北夏谷区不同年代主栽谷子品种氮代谢相关酶及有关生理指标差异分析

孔清华 陈二影 于淑婷 杨延兵 秦岭 黎飞飞 管延安

摘要：為了明确不同年代谷子品种的演变特点，为新品种选育提供依据，选用20世纪80年代至今华北夏谷区推广的20个主栽谷子品种进行大田试验，比较4个年代不同谷子品种的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、谷氨酸合成酶活性等生理生化指标，并分析酶活性与产量的相关性。结果表明：不同年代谷子品种旗叶、功能叶的叶绿素SPAD值均随灌浆进程呈现下降趋势;旗叶、倒二叶、倒三叶的SPAD值变化均表现为1990s、2000s育成品种的SPAD值较高，1980s、2010s育成品种的SPAD值较低。华北夏谷区近30年来育成谷子品种的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）与谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性均呈单峰曲线，前者酶活性最高时期为花后7天，后者为7天或14天;GS与GOGAT活性均表现为随育成年代递进呈上升趋势。可溶性蛋白含量在花后7天到成熟期下降幅度从小到大依次是2010s、2000s、1990s、1980s，说明改良过程中谷子植株内各种酶源与代谢调节物质的降解速率降低。花后35天时GS活性与产量的相关性最高为-0.247，与产量呈负相关。花后7天时的GOGAT活性与产量的相关性最高为0.455，且呈显著正相关。研究结果显示：更新育成的谷子品种旗叶中GS活性、GOGAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量变化对产量产生一定影响。因此，华北夏谷区育种应进一步加强对氮高效品种的选育。

关键词：华北地区;谷子品种;谷氨酰胺合成酶;谷氨酸合成酶;年代

中图分类号：S515.01  文献标识号：A  文章编号：1001-4942（2019）08-0028-06

Abstract In order to clarify the evolution characteristics of foxtail millet varieties in different years and provide the reference for breeding new variety， 20 main foxtail millet varieties promoted in North China from 1980s were used in the field experiment. Their physiological and biochemical indexes such as chlorophyll content， soluble protein content， glutamine synthetase （GS） activity， glutamate synthase （GOGAT） activity were compared among four ages. Meanwhile， the correlation between enzyme activities and yield were analyzed. The results showed that the chlorophyll SPAD values of flag leaves and functional leaves of foxtail millet cultivars decreased with the grain filling process. The SPAD values of flag leaves， inverted two leaves and inverted three leaves of millet varieties bred in 1990s and 2000s were higher than those in 1980s and 2010s. The activities of glutamine synthetase （GS） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） of different foxtail millet varieties in the recent 30 years changed as single-peak curves， and the highest activity of GS was at 7 days after flowering， and that of GOGAT was at 7 or 14 days after flowering. The activities of GS and GOGAT increased with the breed age delay. The descend amplitude of soluble protein content from the 7th day after anthesis to the mature period from small to large was in the order of 2010s， 2000s， 1990s and 1980s， which indicated that the degradation rate of various enzymes and metabolic regulators in foxtail millet plants decreased during the improvement process. At the 35th day after anthesis， the correlation between GS activity and yield was the highest and negative with the correlation coefficient as-0.247. There was a significant positive correlation between GOGAT activity and yield at the 7th day after anthesis， and the correction value was the highest as 0.455. The results showed that the changes of GS and GOGAT activities and soluble protein content in flag leaves of the foxtail millet cultivars bred in recent years had certain effects on improving yield. Therefore， the North China summer foxtail millet area should further strengthen the breeding of high-efficiency nitrogen vatiety.