Poverty Alleviation through Employment Promotion in Extreme Poverty-stricken Areas in Western China: A Case Study of Targeted Poverty Alleviation through Employment Promotion in Awang Town, Dongchuan District

Yi LOU, Zisheng YANG

Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development Institute, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China; Party Branch Secretary’s Studio of "Double Leader" Teachers in Colleges and Universities of China, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China

Abstract Poverty alleviation through employment promotion is to promote the poor households to get rid of poverty through promoting employment to increase income. It is the most effective and direct way out of poverty. Dongchuan District, located in the alpine valley area of northeastern Yunnan, is a typical extreme poverty-stricken county in China. Under its jurisdiction, Awang Town is a mountainous township with a wide area of poverty and an extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty in 2015 reached 35.39%. In recent years, through the implementation of various policies to combat poverty, combined with the advantages as a traditional "hometown of migrant labor", focusing on employment-promoting poverty alleviation work, Awang Town has made certain achievements in poverty alleviation work. By the end of 2018, the poverty rate in the town fell to 0.57%, marking a major victory in the town’s fight against poverty. Through field investigations, this article summarizes the main practices of Awang Town to carry out employment-promoting targeted poverty alleviation, analyzes the poverty alleviation achievements and successful experience of the town’s employment-promoting targeted poverty alleviation work and discusses the promotion and application of this model so as to provide reference Yunnan Province and other poverty-stricken areas to carry out employment-promoting poverty alleviation.

Key words Extreme poverty-stricken areas, Poverty alleviation though employment promotion, Model, Poverty alleviation achievements, Awang Town, Dongchuan District

1 Introduction

Promoting targeted poverty alleviation and eliminating poverty is an important guarantee for realizing the building of a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great Chinese dream of the Chinese nation[1]. The poverty alleviation project belongs to the people’s livelihood project. Measures related to the welfare of the poor should be considered as part of the historical process of poverty alleviation[2]. After General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly stated the concept of targeted poverty alleviation, the Central Office of the Central Committee issued the 25th document (OpinionsonInnovativeMechanismstoSolidlyPromoteRuralPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentWork) in 2013 which proposes to establish a targeted poverty alleviation mechanism as one of the six poverty alleviation mechanism innovations[3]. The State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development subsequently formulated theImplementationPlanforEstablishingaMechanismforTargetedPovertyAlleviationto promote targeted poverty alleviation work throughout the country. In 2015, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council promulgated theDecisiononWinningPovertyAlleviation, which first proposed the relevant content of poverty alleviation through employment promotion. In response to the central policy, Yunnan Province formulated more than ten policy documents such asPovertyAlleviationActionPlanforRuralLaborTransferEmployment,NoticeonFurtherStrengtheningPovertyAlleviationWorkthroughEmploymentPromotion(Yun Ren She Tong[2018] No.68),ImplementationOpinionsoftheYunnanProvincialDepartmentofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityonFightingPovertyinExtremePoverty-strickenAreas(Yun Ren She Ban[2017]No.82),ImplementationOpinionsoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityofYunnanProvinceonDoingaGoodJobinHumanResources,SocialSecurityandPovertyAlleviationinFightingAgainstPovertyandMeasuresfortheManagementofRuralLaborTrainingandTransferEmploymentinYunnanProvincecontinuously improve the poverty alleviation policy system. Employment-promoting poverty alleviation has clearly become an important means to help fight poverty[4]. Poverty alleviation through labor transfer and employment promotion is to increase the income of the poor by paying wages for labor mainly through providing jobs for the poor. ThePlanforFightingagainstPovertyduringthe13thFive-YearPlanPeriodissued by the State Council put forward relevant measures for transfer employment to organize poor laborers in poverty-stricken areas to go out to work, improving the single income structure of poor households and effectively promoting the growth of income of poor households[5].KunmingPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentPlan(2016-2020) has listed "getting rid of poverty through migrant work" as one of the "seven batches" of Kunming’s poverty alleviation[6].

Dongchuan District is located in the northeastern alpine valley area in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River. High mountain, steep slope, deep valley, dangerous road and sharp bend are the basic portrayal of the terrain of Dongchuan District. Its natural conditions are harsh and it is one of the national poverty-stricken counties. It has a wide range of poverty and a extreme poverty. In 2017, it was classified as an extreme poverty-stricken county. Awang Town is a mountain township under the jurisdiction of Dongchuan District. It is located at the southern end of Dongchuan District and known as the "South Gate" of Dongchuan. Awang Town has a area of 267.8 km2. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. The highest altitude is 3 240 m and the lowest altitude is 1 350 m. It governs 16 village committees (Guanzhong, Changlingzi, Muduo, Shimen, Faluo, Awang, Shuanglong, Anle, Luna, Tuoluo, Haike, Xinbiga, Dashitou, Xiaoying, Yutoutang and Yantou) and Xiangyang Community, including 216 village groups and 225 natural villages. Before 2015, due to poor infrastructure, outdated farmers’ ideas and failure of land transfer and other reasons, farmers can only rely on farming to maintain their lives, there are fewer migrant workers in the town, and migrant workers have lower incomes. The number of poverty-stricken households in the townships was 4 532, and the number of poor people was 17 865. The incidence of poverty in 2015 reached 35.39%. There are 15 villages in the town that are poor villages. Awang Town belongs to the dry valley area. Due to the drought in recent years, the people live at the mercy of elements. Even worse, there is little land but a large population in the township and the overall quality of the farmers is low due to low cultural level, making poverty alleviation more difficult. In recent years, to comprehensively implement poverty alleviation and resolutely win the fight against poverty, the party committee and town government of Awang Town have implemented the decision-making arrangements, put transfer employment on the important agenda of increasing the income of farmers and actively carried out the work of transfer employment. As a result, the income of farmers has been increased vigorously, the economic development of Awang Town has been effectively promoted, the transfer employment work has shown a good development situation, and the goal of "increasing the number of workers to get rid of poverty" has been achieved. Based on multiple field surveys, household surveys and interviews with rural cadres, this article summarizes the main practices of Awang Town to carry out targeted poverty alleviation through employment promotion, analyzes the poverty alleviation achievements and successful experiences and discusses the promotion and application of this model, so as to provide necessary reference for targeted poverty alleviation and fight against poverty in the poverty-stricken mountainous areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

2 Main practice of carrying out targeted poverty alleviation through employment promotion

2.1 Grasping team building and achieving overall coordination

2.1.1Establishing an employment vanguard team to improve employability. An employment vanguard team, with the town party committee member and propaganda committee member as general captain and deputy director of each village (community) as vice captain, was established. The vanguard team took the lead to organize the "six major actions",i.e., basic information statistics, "Spring Breeze Action", employment skills improvement, nearby local transfer, labor cooperation and service guarantee. Through the "Internet + skills" training model, 4 913 person-times of guidance training and 1 600 person-times of skills training had been conducted in 2018, effectively improving the employability of migrant workers and transferring transfer employment from "transfusion" to "hematopoiesis".

2.1.2Setting up an employment-promoting poverty alleviation team to master the background. The first village-level employment-promoting poverty alleviation team was established in the province. The first village-level employment-promoting poverty alleviation team was established in the province with one member in each administrative village. They were responsible for the transfer employment work and policy promotion and implementation, given with relevant salaries referring to urban public welfare posts, and subjected to regular training to improve service capabilities and improve the organization level of labor export.

2.1.3Setting up a team of rural labor brokers to expand external market. Taking advantage of the first session of rural labor broker training in the province and relying on various human resources service agencies, chambers of commerce, representatives of agricultural technology associations, representatives of employment enterprises and representatives of migrant workers, the labor broker team of 18 people was formed to give play to the role of labor brokers in collecting employment information, expanding employment channels and driving poor laborers to go out to work.

2.1.4Building a front for party building activities to facilitate services. A mobile party branch of the migrant workers in Awang Town was established. The chairman of the town’s people’s congress was sent to the migrant workers’ station in Kunming as a station master. He also served as the secretary of the mobile party branch. A person was selected to serve as a service liaison for migrant workers. The ties between migrant workers in Kunming and local party committees, governments and enterprises were strengthened. A symposium for migrant workers was organized every year before and after the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Spring Festival to do a good job in employment services and guarantees.

2.2 Grasping identification, focusing on targeting, and according with specific conditions of each householdTaking the urban and rural labor force basic information statistics as an opportunity, village cadres, employer, party building positions and other resources were integrated to accurately identify and master the basic situation of the rural labor force in the town.

2.2.1Household survey to master the background. Household surveys were carried out, and "five clears" were achieved. That is to say, the basic situation of the labor force was clear, the willingness to train and work was clear, the willingness to transfer employment was clear, the income from transfer employment was clear, and the specific measures for assistance were clear. The bottom line of the labor force, as well as its situation was clear.

2.2.2One file for one household to achieve dynamic management. By entering the villages and the households, the household labor survey was completed. A rural labor transfer employment account covering 17 villages (communities) was established. The age structure, physical condition, cultural level and mastery of vocational skills of poor households were investigated and subjected to dynamic management, achieving monthly verification and quarterly update and realizing the "five-accuracy" of working time, location, income, business and skills.

2.2.3Implementing policy according to specific conditions of each household to promote employment. The willingness of poor laborers to skill training and transfer employment was matched accurately. Targeted employment assistance measures have been developed. Yong and middle-aged laborers were encouraged to start a business or go out to work. The 40- to 50-year-old older laborers were guided to work nearby. Unskilled people were exported to employment after skill training. The people with employment difficulties who had certain disabilities, diseases and other special circumstances were settled through the development of rural public welfare service posts to achieve working nearby and truly achieve the targeted assistance of "one household, one policy".

2.3 Strengthen publicity and information sharing and taking a variety of measuresThe employment promotion service activities were conducted, the delivery of posts to the households was organized regularly, the employment-promoting poverty alleviation policies and job information have been well-informed and well-known, close attention is paid to the "100-day action" and "Spring Breeze Action" for rural labor transfer employment and multi-channel and multi-form employment services through unified purchase of tickets at the Spring Festival and sending of posts to the households have been carried out.

2.3.1Strengthening the three-level linkage between districts, towns and villages. A total of 18 employment WeChat work groups have been established. Through the WeChat platform of "Awang Yi Township", 220 sets of radios in the village group, poster postings, township group meetings and other forms to publicize and implement poverty alleviation policies, the awareness of the people on poverty alleviation policies has been raised, the channels of communication with the people have been smoothed, and the enthusiasm of the poor to go out to work has been improved.

2.3.2Promoting employment positions to enter villages. No less than three times of employment information services were provided to rural poor laborers. For the "lazy man" in the low-income households, after three reasonable recommendations, if they still did not go out to work, their qualification of the subsistence allowance was canceled by relevant procedures. Throughout the year, a total of 24 on-site job fairs were organized, and 18 sessions of town and village-level Spring Festival Symposium for returnees were launched to promote more than 20 000 jobs, including cleaners for Kunming North Control City Service Investment Co., Ltd., security guards for the schools in Guandu District and kitchen staff for Kunming Qianzhenhe Restaurant Co., Ltd. During the Spring Festival, 1 109 workers were transferred to the main city of Kunming.

2.3.3Policy promotion. The employment-promoting poverty alleviation supporting policy of "1+6+6" has been vigorously promoted in Dongchuan District. Workers who had worked for more than six months and had proof of income were given with a one-time subsidy (700 yuan each person outside the province and 300 yuan each person in the province). The first batch had issued 937 100 yuan, of which 154 700 yuan outside the province and 782 400 yuan in the province. For workers who had been worked stably for more than six months, a one-time production and living allowance of no more than 1 200 yuan was provided to each household with empty-nest elderly and left-behind children.

3 Main achievements of carrying out poverty alleviation through employment promotion

3.1 Employment and income increase of farmersAs a traditional "hometown of migrant labor", Awang Town closely follows the working ideas of "two-in, two-out, two-on-one and one promotion" of the Kunming Municipal Committee and the goal requirements of "small-term employment, middle-term industrialization and long-term education" and "at least one employee in each household with labor capacity" of district committee and district government. It has planned actively, performed its duty actively, solidly implemented the "six major actions" of employment-promoting poverty alleviation in Dongchuan District, and created a "new way" of "lifting one household out of poverty through providing a job to one of the members". As of December 2018, Awang Town had transferred 19 049 people to employment, including 8 828 people registered and 10 221 unregistered. Among the employed, 1 315 people had been working outside the province, 11 714 people had been working within the province but outside the district, 3 204 people had been working within the district, and 2 816 people had been working within the town. The goals of "transferring at least one member of each household registered with employability to employment" and "clearing zero-employment poor families registered" have been achieved. The employment rate of poor labor transfer in the town reached 87%. The employment income had accounted for 65% of rural disposable income, reaching the requirement of "lifting one household out of poverty through providing a job to one of the members". Driven by the increase in employment, Awang Town had lifted 4 423 households out of poverty with a total of 17 683 people. All the 15 poor villages had been lifted out of poverty. There were still 109 households with 182 persons remained in poverty (including 158 households with 395 people and four villages out of poverty in 2018). The incidence of poverty had dropped from 55.61% to 0.57%. Transfer employment has become an effective starting point for poverty alleviation of the poor villages in Awang Town.

3.2 Poverty alleviation effect of public welfare jobsPublic welfare posts refer to non-profit public management and social welfare service posts set up by the government, aiming at realizing the public interest and resettling poverty-stricken households, "three-noes" (can’t go out, unemployed and unable to get rid of poverty) family members, poverty-free households but with poverty-returning factor and non-poor households that may be poor due to major changes. Poverty alleviation through public welfare posts has the nature of production poverty alleviation. It is based on the labor and hard work of poverty alleviation objects[7]. Therefore, poverty alleviation through public welfare posts can avoid the beneficiary’s dependency on poverty alleviation policies due to the direct provision of social security and other transfer payments (low-income guarantees) for those who have the ability to work. In contrast, beneficiaries of poverty alleviation through public welfare posts who get rid of poverty through participating in labor or services with public welfare effects will feel their own role and contribution to society. This can gradually enhance the confidence of the population in extreme poverty-stricken areas to rely on their own efforts to get rid of poverty and become rich and stimulate endogenous motivation[8]. According to the statistics, in 2018, Awang Town set up a total of 533 public welfare posts, and the main type of work was village cleaning staff. As shown in Table 1, Muduo Village set up the most public welfare posts (63), accounting for 11.82% of the total public welfare jobs; while Guanzhong Village set up the least pubic welfare posts (10), accounting for only 1.88% of the total number. Each public welfare post was issued at a monthly salary of 800 yuan. Public welfare posts mainly were mainly aimed at poor households who were difficult to work in the village and unable to go out to work but had labor capacity. Priori-ty was given to extreme poverty-stricken households and zero-employment households. Developing public welfare jobs in poor villages not only solves the employment problems of poor households but also helps them to raise their incomes, so that they can achieve poverty alleviation at an early date and the village environment is improved, achieving effective integration of poverty alleviation and beautiful rural construction.

Table 1 Statistics on public welfare posts in each village of Awang Town

Administrative villageNumber ofpublicwelfare postsProportion ofpublic welfareposts∥%RemarksAwang Village275.07Poor villageAnle Village407.50Poor villageDashitou Village295.44Poor villageFaluo Village152.81Poor villageGuanzhong Village101.88Poor villageHaike Village305.63Poor villageLuna Village264.88Poor villageMuduo Village6311.82Poor villageShimen Village539.94Poor villageShuanglong Village275.07Poor villageTuoluo Village305.63Poor villageXiangyang Community305.63Non-poor villageXiaoying Village478.82Poor villageXinbiga Village132.44Poor villageYantou Village285.25Poor villageYutoutang Village366.75Poor villageChanglingzi Village295.44Non-poor villageTotal533100

3.3 Poverty alleviation effect of income from migrant labor in typical poverty-free householdsThe income of 50 typical poverty-stricken households in Awang Town in 2018 was surveyed. The results (Table 2) showed that the average household income of the 50 poverty-stricken households in 2018 was 40 610 yuan, and the per capita net income was 10 360.87 yuan, far more than the poverty line standard of Yunnan Province in 2018 (3 500 yuan). According to the data of the 50 households surveyed, in terms of the number of people employed in Awang Town and their effectiveness, at least one person had been employed in every household. The average net income of employment in 2018 was 34 220 yuan/household, accounting for 84.26% of the total household income per household in 2018. On average, even if only the net income of employment was considered, the per capita net income of the 50 poverty-stricken households (201 persons in total) also reached 8 512 yuan, significantly exceeding the poverty line standard of Yunnan Province in 2018. In 2018, the effectiveness of poverty alleviation through employment promotion was remarkable. Through the implementation of measures to promote employment to eliminate poverty, migrant works in Awang Town had been allowed to enjoy the national employment policy, so their enthusiasm had been also increased. As a result, the income of farmers, especially registered poverty-stricken personnel had been increased. The 4 532 registered poverty-stricken households (17 856 people) in the town were assessed one by one. By the end of December 2018, the remaining poor population in Awang Town was 182 people. The incidence of poverty fell to 0.57%, a decrease of 34.82 percentage points from 35.39% in 2015. The 15 poverty-stricken villages have reached the exit criteria for poverty-stricken villages prescribed by Yunnan Province. The details are shown in Table 3.

4 Successful experience and characteristics of targeted poverty alleviation through employment promotion

Since January 2018, Awang Town had organized the three committees and the poverty alleviation team members of each village for five special meetings on labor export work in 2018. At the meetings, the main leaders of Awang Town emphasized the importance of labor export work, made a work arrangement to deploy, put forward requirements and clarified responsibilities, making cadres attach great importance to employment-promoting poverty alleviation, further improving the sense of self-consciousness and responsibility for the transfer employment.

Table 2 Survey on income of typical poverty-free households from migrant work in Awang Village, Awang Town

Table 3 Comparison of poverty incidence in Awang Town at the end of 2015 and 2018

4.1 Raising awareness by strengthening organizational leadershipStrong ideological and political work is an important guarantee and political advantage for doing all the work. In Awang Town, in the work of transferring labor resources, the ideological and political work of labor export workers and employment-promoting poverty alleviation team members had been strengthened, and the importance and necessity of accelerating the development of labor resources had been fully recognized. The spirit of the central, provincial, municipal and district documents on the development of labor resources had been studied carefully. In 2018, the Labor Export Office organized a meeting once a week and convened the village poverty alleviation team members to hold a discussion once a month to emphasize the importance of labor export work, make a work arrangement on deploy, put forward work requirements and clarify the responsibilities, thereby implementing the 2018 rural labor employment task issued by Dongchuan District. In addition, two zero-employment family zeroing work meetings were organized for rural laborers; the tasks of transfer training and transfer employment throughout the year had been decomposed; and target responsibility book had been signed with the village (community) and the employment-promoting poverty alleviation team. By doing the basic work, taking the "100-day action" of rural labor transfer employment in the province and municipalities as an opportunity, the plan was refined and advanced solidly to realize the new situation of layer-by-layer implementation, layer-by-layer responsibility clarification and layer-by-layer attention, the labor export work of Awang Town has been lifted to a new level. Relevant staff had been made to highly value the work of poverty alleviation, and their sense of self-consciousness and responsibility for transfer employment has been further improved.

4.2 Focusing on targeting, grasping identification, and establishing a database of information on poor familiesAwang Town had implemented a file-to-hometown policy and established a database of local poor families and personnel. Field survey and visits had been conducted to dynamically grasp the causes of poverty and employment needs of poor people. Employment was recommended according to the different situations of poor families. The people that had a certain level of professional knowledge had been recommended to participate in relevant skills training and then recommended to the corresponding jobs. An employment training system had been established, and the progress of training content and the employment of the participants had been updated in real time, so as to achieve transparency in employment and poverty alleviation and let the poor people feel more deeply the changes brought about by employment-promoting poverty alleviation. Tracking back and visits had been carried out well to ensure that the employed people truly participate in social work. Rural employment channels had been innovated to create more opportunities for poor labor to participate in economic activities, such as establishing an agricultural industrial chain, developing rural aquaculture and planting industries, supporting farmers to return to their hometowns, establishing poverty alleviation workshops, making full use of rural idle land to construct processing workshops, creating employment-promoting poverty alleviation bases and organizing cooperative business operation with poor people.

4.3 Improving the overall quality of farmers through skills trainingThrough the combination of short-term skill training and long-term intellectual poverty alleviation, the employability of poor labor had been improved. The fundamental to improving the employability of poor labor is the improvement of the level of labor skills. In short-term skill training, the content of skill training was determined based on arming at the training needs and employment willingness of the poor labor force and understanding the needs of enterprises and market workers in depth. Skill training was carried out by employers, vocational and technical colleges, social training institutions,etc. Taking employment income, employment quality and employment stability as core assessment indicators, a follow-up survey was conducted on the employment of poor labor to improve the effectiveness of short-term skill training and give full play to the strength of village cadres and rural party members. The employment-promoting poverty alleviation and skill training policies had been advocated to raise the awareness of poor labor for skill training. So far, 2 652 people have participated in the training. The training subjects were quality improvement of walnut trees and the common knowledge of migrant workers entering the city. A total of 1 772 people had been transferred to employment. A total of 11 new employees had been transferred. The employment locations were concentrated in Dongchuan District, downtown area of Kunming City and surrounding areas. Skill training consisted of 29 classes and 1 450 person-times, involving nursery, Chinese noodles/cooking, breeding techniques,etc. The training had no high academic qualification or age requirements for the vast rural surplus labor and could help more poor people to achieve employment and help the poverty alleviation work in Awang Town. In terms of long-term intellectual poverty alleviation, through the increase of rural basic education investment, the construction of rural teachers had been strengthened, and transportation subsidies and living expenses were given to the children of poor families. The main channel role of training in technical schools and vocational and technical schools had been fully displayed. The government’s mechanism for purchasing training achievements had been improved. Through various forms such as "orientation, entrustment and joint", more migrant workers had been endowed with skills, and their ability to work and start business had been improved.

4.4 Combining "transfer between different places" and "insitutransfer" to broaden the channels for flow of labor across regionsThrough the special activities such as "Spring Breeze Action", "Sending a Post to the Countryside" and "Private Enterprise Recruitment Week", Awang Town has sent policies, jobs and services to villages to provide sufficient employment for rural labor. It has made full use of the original labor export foundation of downtown area of Kunming City, Hubei and Guangdong, actively developed new output bases, accelerated the transfer of local labor to large and medium-sized cities and economically developed regions, strengthened communication with the labor market in the field to provide timely and accurate information for migrant workers, done a good job of tracking the output personnel, coordinated and solved the difficulties and problems faced by migrant workers in their work and life through strengthening labor service docking, establishing labor cooperation and establishing a service station for foreign labor services to improve the stability rate of transfer employment, effectively safeguarded the rights and interests of both employers and labor exporters, improved the efficiency of labor export and transferred some of the poor laborers with employment difficulties to the local public welfare posts that have been developed by the government for this group of people to increase their income and improve their lives to some extent. As of November 1, Awang Town had completed the transfer employment of 7 627 persons. Among them, 760 persons had been transferred to the downtown area of Kunming City (212 persons to Wuhua District, 19 persons to High-tech Zone, 306 persons to Guanduan District and 223 persons to Panlong District), 1 010 people had been allocated outside Yunnan Province (five people around Beijing and 57 people to Shanghai), and 5 667 people had been employed in the districts or in the villages. Transfer employment has made significant achievements.

5 Measures for promoting employment-promoting poverty alleviation model

Based on the background of "hometown of migrant workers", through the implementation of employment-promoting poverty alleviation policies, Awang Town has developed a unique employment-promoting poverty alleviation road, which can be used for reference by poor areas with less natural resources, poor environment but sufficient labor force.

5.1 Consolidating the foundation and innovating measuresFirst of all, accurate statistics is required to ensure the accuracy, authenticity and scientificity of rural labor basic data. Various types of training on rural labor carried out by various departments at all levels (including enterprises and other employers) must be included in the scope of the overall planning and statistics regardless of the length of time, whether they obtain evidence or not, whether they are enjoying training subsidies,etc. Whether it is transfer employment depends mainly on the source and way of income. Rural workers who mainly live on working wage or operating income should all be regarded as persons for transfer employment not matter where they are employed and which industry they are engaged in, regardless of fixed an unfixed employment. Second, we must strengthen platform management, establish a rural labor transfer employment information platform and dynamically manage the information platform from time to time according to the employment and unemployment of rural labor. Finally, we must innovate work measures. Poverty-stricken areas should strengthen research, work hard and develop new methods and measures combined with local practical exploration.

5.2 Strengthening responsibilities and focusing on implementationAll functional departments should be good at finding problems in the transfer of employment, analyze the causes of problems and propose targeted measures to address the difficulties and problems in the work. We should overcome the psychology of being afraid of difficulties and fickleness, work hard, avoid work disconnection and ensure that the requirements of the superior are implemented. It is necessary to include the tasks and funds of the peasants’ transfer employment and transfer training in the annual key supervision projects of the municipal government and incorporate them into the municipal government’s annual assessment on the county (city) and district governments.

5.3 Combining employment-promoting poverty alleviation with industry and establishing and improving a long-term mechanismFor poor villages, "it is better to teach people to fish than to give them fish". For poverty alleviation, attention should be paid to "teaching people to fish". A long-term mechanism needs to be established and improved. By relying on the advantages of enterprises and industries, industrial poverty alleviation can be promoted actively, and the space for employment on the spot can be broadened. In terms of industrial poverty alleviation, it is necessary to develop industries based on local characteristics, integrate superior resources based on local resource advantages and industrial base, select the poverty alleviation industry combining "one town, one industry" and "one village, one product", adopt the industrial poverty alleviation model suitable for itself and encourage poor households to strive to develop characteristic farming and breeding industries combining market demand and seasons. By using the advantages of industry-driven employment, the farmers in the village who are older and unable to go out to work but have the willingness to work can be concentrated. Though simple skill training, their abilities and qualities are improved to make the competent for working in enterprises. On the one hand, this promotes the transfer employment of rural laborers of proper age. On the other hand, rural households with elderly and weak labor capacity will have opportunities for employment.