非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
2019-06-11练稳山
练稳山
“一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“数”等方面的一致关系。主谓一致有时较为复杂,对中国学生来说,掌握上往往有一定的困难,原因是这种一致关系常常为三种不同的原则所支配,即语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近原则。主谓一致产生的问题之一是非确定数量的名词词组作主语与其后动词的一致关系问题。本文拟就此加以讨论。
“一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“数”等方面的一致关系。主谓一致有时较为复杂,对中国学生来说,掌握上往往有一定的困难,原因是这种一致关系常常为三种不同的原则所支配,即语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近原则。简单说来,语法一致即主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致;意义一致即谓语动词的形式取决于主语的单复数意义;就近原则即指谓语的形式与邻近的名词一致。主谓一致产生的问题之一是非确定数量的名词词组作主语与其后动词的一致关系问题。本文拟就下列几类逐一加以讨论。
1 如果主语是由“all of, half of, most of, some of +名词”构成,表示非确定数量的名词词组,其后的动词形式一般依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如:
All of the cargo was lost. 所有的货物都损失掉了。
Half of the land is cultivated. 一半的土地被耕作了。
Most of her arguments were founded on fact.她大部分的论点都是基于事实。
In this collection some of the stories were very good. 在这本集子里一些故事相当不错。
2 如果主语是由“heaps of, loads of, lots of, plenty of + 名词” 构成,表示“许多”等含义时,其后动词的单复数形式也依of-词组中的名词类别而定。比较:Lots of food is going to waste.很多食物要被浪费了。Lots of people have had the same experience.许多人有过同样的体验。Plenty of the sugar is imported from Cuba.大量的糖从古巴进口。Plenty of books are related to this subject.许多书涉及这一主题。
3 如果主语是由“a pile of, a portion of, a series of +名词”构成,不管该名词是何种类别,其后动词通常用单数形式。例如:
A pile of logs was set in the corner of the room.一堆木头放在房间一角。
A substantial portion of the manuscripts is missing.很大一部分手稿丢失了。
A series of rainy days has spoiled our vacation.連续的雨天把我们的假期给毁了。
4 如果主语是由“限定词+ kind/sort/type of +名词”构成,其后动词形式按以下规则:在a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of 之后一般用单数或不可数名词,随后动词用单数。例如:There is a kind of person who always arrives late.有一种人总是晚到。That sort of question is very difficult.那种问题很难。This type of wine is made in France.这种红酒是法国制造的。
注意,在上述结构中,一般不用复数名词,比如一般不说*this kind of roses,*that sort of questions。如要用复数名词,应该说:Roses of this kind are very beautiful.这种玫瑰很漂亮。Questions of that kind/sort are very difficult.那种问题很难。
出现在many/several kinds of, these kinds of 等之后的名词,既可以是单数或不可数名词也可以是复数名词,动词都用复数。例如:
Many kinds of apples grow in our garden. 我们的花园里长了多种苹果。
There are several sorts of cheese for sale in this shop.这家店出售几种奶酪。
These types of car are exported to Africa.这些种类的小汽车出口到非洲。
5 倘若主语是由“many a+名词”或“more than one +名词”,其意义虽为“多数”概念,但其后动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则,用单数。例如:Many a ship has been wrecked there.许多船只在那儿失事了。More than one game was lost.不只一场比赛输掉了。
6 倘若主语由“an average of, a/the majority of+复数名词”构成,且明确表示“多数个体”概念,其后的动词用复数;若这类主语不表示“多数个体”概念,则动词用单数。比较:
An average of 50 kinds were in regular supply from January on.自一月份以来正常供应的平均有50种。
An average of 30 applications a month is not unusual.平均每月30份申请并非不寻常。
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.多数医生认为吸烟有害健康。
A majority of three votes to one was recorded.记录下的是三票对一票的多数。
(作者单位:苏州市职业大学外国语学院)