经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清一氧化氮在预测早产中的临床价值
2019-05-08林巧玉罗梅花
林巧玉 罗梅花
[摘要]目的 探讨经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清一氧化氮(NO)在预测早产中的价值。方法 选择2016年1月~2017年12月广东省汕头市澄海区人民医院收治的先兆早产孕妇50例(观察组)及同期健康孕妇50例(对照组)进行研究,分别对其宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清NO进行检测,并对其预测价值进行分析。结果 观察组的宫颈长度明显短于对照组,胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果提示,宫颈长度与胎儿纤维连接蛋白成显著负相关(r=-0.542,P=0.011),宮颈长度与血清NO成显著负相关(r=-0.403,P=0.028),胎儿纤维连接蛋白与血清NO成显著正相关(r=0.349,P=0.028)。宫颈长度单独检测最佳阈值为29.75 mm,曲线下面积(AUC)=0.859,P=0.010,95%置信区间为(0.787,0.931),敏感度为75.27%,特异度为73.83%;胎儿纤维连接蛋白单独检测最佳阈值为78.21 ng/ml,AUC=0.762,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.661,0.863),敏感度为69.08%,特异度为71.17%;血清NO单独检测最佳阈值为25.75 μmol/L,AUC=0.882,P=0.006,95%置信区间为(0.814,0.949),敏感度为73.81%,特异度为77.08%;联合检测AUC=0.930,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.876,0.984),敏感度为83.27%,特异度为81.35%。结论 早产孕妇宫颈长度明显短于健康产妇,胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平明显高于健康产妇,经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清NO检测较单独检测对早产预测价值更大。
[关键词]经会阴超声;宫颈长度;胎儿纤维连接蛋白;血清NO
[中图分类号] R714.21 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)3(c)-0112-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the value of transperineal ultrasound measurement of cervical length, fetal fibronectin and serum NO in predicting preterm delivery. Methods From January 2016 to December 2017, 50 pregnant women with threatened preterm birth (observation group) and 50 healthy pregnant women (control group) were enrolled in the People′s Hospital of Chenghai District in Shantou City of Guangdong Province, respectively. Fetal fibronectin combined with serum NO was detected and its predictive value was analyzed. Results The length of the cervix in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. The levels of fetal fibronectin and serum NO were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between cervical length and fetal fibronectin (r=-0.542, P=0.011), and cervical length was significantly negatively correlated with serum NO (r=-0.403, P=0.028), fetal fiber. Connexin was significantly positively correlated with serum NO (r=0.349, P=0.028). The optimal threshold for cervical length alone detection was 29.75 mm, area under the curve (AUC)=0.859, P=0.010, 95% confidence interval was (0.787, 0.931), sensitivity was 75.27%, specificity was 73.83%; optimal threshold for fetal fibronectin alone detection 78.21ng/ml, AUC=0.762, P=0.013, 95% confidence interval was (0.661, 0.863), sensitivity was 69.08%, specificity was 71.17%; optimal threshold for serum NO detection alone was 25.75 μmol/L, AUC=0.882, P=0.006, 95% confidence interval was (0.814, 0.949), sensitivity was 73.81%, specificity was 77.08%. The AUC joint detection was 0.930, P=0.013, 95% confidence interval was (0.876, 0.984), sensitivity was 83.27 %, specificity was 81.35%. Conclusion The length of cervix in premature pregnant women is significantly shorter than that in healthy women. The levels of fetal fibronectin and serum NO are significantly higher than those of healthy women. The measurement of cervical length, fetal fibronectin and serum NO by perineal ultrasound is more predictive of preterm birth than the separate test. .
[Key words] Transesophageal ultrasound; Cervical length; Fetal fibronectin; Serum NO
早产是指妊娠周期满28周至不足37周的分娩者,此时分娩的新生儿为早产儿[1-2]。调查显示我国早产占分娩总数的5%~15%,其中约有15%的早产儿死于新生儿期。早产儿的死亡率高,特别是在妊娠周期不足32周的孕妇,早产儿的预后可能更差[3]。虽然近年来随着对胎儿出生时复苏技术及对早产婴儿监护治疗技术的发展,使得早产儿的死亡率、患病率都有明显下降,但存活的早产儿中,特别是中、重度的早产儿,患病率极高,可出现新生儿肺透明膜病、脑室内出血、智力障碍等[4-5]。因此对于早产的预测具有重要的意义,若能对早产作出有效的预测则可采取针对性地实施的治疗方案而改善患儿结局。对早产的预测及预防已成为临床妇产科医师的首要任务[6]。超声宫颈长度测量、宫颈分泌物胎儿纤维连接蛋白检测及血清一氧化氮均被证实在早产预测中具有一定的价值。但对于三者联合检测方面的研究鲜有报道,因此本文开展相关研究旨在为评价经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清一氧化氮(NO)联合检测在早产预测中的价值,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选择2016年1月~2017年12月广东省汕头市澄海区人民医院收治的先兆早产孕妇50例(观察组)及同期健康孕妇50例(对照组)进行研究。纳入标准:①观察组的患者均符合先兆早产诊断标准,频率在10 min/次的不规律宫缩,宫口扩张2 cm及以内,胎膜完整。对照组不符合上述标准;②24 h内无性交及阴道检查史;③患者均知晓本研究情况并签署知情同意书;④年龄≥22周岁。排除标准:①多胎妊娠者;②全身性或生殖泌尿道急性感染者;③妊娠合并症或并发症的患者;④2周内有高硝酸盐摄入史的患者;⑤阴道流血或胎膜早破者。观察组孕妇的年龄24~36岁,平均(28.17±3.91)岁;妊娠次数1~4次,平均(2.17±0.85)次;产次1~3次,平均(1.85±0.88)次;孕龄25~35周,平均(30.22±4.18)周。对照组孕妇的年龄23~35岁,平均(28.72±3.85)岁;妊娠次数1~3次,平均(1.85±0.77)次;产次1~3次,平均(1.70±0.79)次;孕龄24~34周,平均(30.10±4.06)周。两组患者年龄、妊娠次数、产次等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究已获广东省汕头市澄海区人民医院医学伦理委员会审核通过。
1.2方法
①经会阴超声测量宫颈长度:采用飞利浦公司生产的EPIQ型B超机,在患者膀胱排空取膀胱截石位,用无菌薄膜套在腹部探头上,将耦合剂在其表面涂抹均匀,提醒患者保持放松,将探头置会阴处进行扫描,确定宫颈显示后测量宫颈内口至外口的距离,测量3次取平均值,注意测量时间的选择,避免在宫缩时对宫颈长度进行测量。图1、2为经会阴超声检查图举例。
②胎儿纤维连接蛋白:取专用灭菌拭子置阴道后穹窿处,蘸取宫颈分泌物月10~15 s,采集后将含分泌物的拭子探头置含稀释液的试管中,于试管内壁滚动10~15 s。取70 μl上清液,滴加至检测卡样品孔中央,常温下反应20 min,反应好后的检测卡置发光免疫层析定量检测仪卡槽中进行测量。
③血清NO:取孕妇空腹外周静脉血3 ml,置含抗凝剂试管中,以3000 r/min转速离心10 min,取血清置-20℃冰箱中保存待测。采用硝酸还原酶法进行测定:取3支试管分别标为1、2、3号,1号试管中加0.1 ml蒸馏水,2号试管中加入0.1 ml血清,3号试管中加入0.1 ml 100 mol/L NADH及0.1 ml硝酸还原酶混匀,在37℃下反应1 h,各试管中加入1 ml Griess试剂进行显色,室温下放置5 min后以540 nm波长进行检测,计算NO浓度值。
1.3统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;诊断效能采用ROC曲线进行分析,相关性采用Pearson分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组孕妇宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平的比较
2.2孕妇宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平的相关性分析
2.3宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平的诊断价值
宫颈长度单独检测最佳阈值为29.75 mm,曲线下面积(AUC)=0.859,P=0.010,95%置信区间为(0.787, 0.931),敏感度为75.27%,特异度为73.83%;胎儿纤维连接蛋白单独检测最佳阈值为78.21 ng/ml,AUC=0.762,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.661,0.863),敏感度為69.08%,特异度为71.17%;血清NO单独检测最佳阈值为25.75 μmol/L,AUC=0.882,P=0.006,95%置信区间为(0.814,0.949),敏感度为73.81%,特异度为77.08%;联合检测AUC=0.930,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.876,0.984),敏感度为83.27%,特异度为81.35%。结果见图6。
3讨论
调查数据显示,我国早产儿的发生率为5%~15%,其病因及机制均较为复杂,目前大部分研究者认为其发生于子宫肌功能异常、子宫过度膨胀及妇科炎症有关[7-8]。早产分为自发性早产及治疗性早产两种,自发性早产为未足月分娩及未足月胎膜早破所致,而治疗性早产则是因妊娠并发症等原因所致人为提前终止妊娠[9]。早产新生儿的器官发育不成熟,容易出现呼吸窘迫综合征、脑瘫、新生儿肺炎等并发症,对患儿的生命安全早产重大的威胁。因此对早产进行预测具有重要的价值[10]。
观察组的宫颈长度明显短于对照组,胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果提示,宫颈長度与胎儿纤维连接蛋白呈显著负相关(r=-0.542,P=0.011),宫颈长度与血清NO呈显著负相关(r=-0.403,P=0.028),胎儿纤维连接蛋白与血清NO呈显著正相关(r=0.349,P=0.028)。宫颈长度单独检测最佳阈值为29.75 mm,AUC=0.859,P=0.010,95%置信区间为(0.787,0.931),敏感度为75.27%,特异度为73.83%;胎儿纤维连接蛋白单独检测最佳阈值为78.21 ng/ml,AUC=0.762,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.661,0.863),敏感度为69.08%,特异度为71.17%;血清NO单独检测最佳阈值为25.75 μmol/L,AUC=0.882,P=0.006,95%置信区间为(0.814,0.949),敏感度为73.81%,特异度为77.08%;联合检测AUC=0.930,P=0.013,95%置信区间为(0.876,0.984),敏感度为83.27%,特异度为81.35%。
本研究结果提示,观察组的宫颈长度明显短于对照组(P<0.05),与相关研究结果相一致[11],提示宫颈长度与早产有着密切的关系,研究显示宫颈长度在36 mm及以下时可增加产科的不良结局概率,对于完全性前置胎盘的孕妇当宫颈长度在35 mm及以下时,可增加大出血而引早产剖宫产的风险增加[11]。目前常用的宫颈长度超声测量方法有经腹超声、经阴道超声和经会阴超声3种,经腹超声检查时需患者保持膀胱充盈,膀胱充盈后可拉长宫颈而导致测量值偏高,出现误诊;而经阴道超声因大部分患者担心检查过程中对胎儿有影响,引起胎儿宫内感染或早产,另外经阴道超声给患者带来不适,且有部分患者因不愿意暴露隐私部位而拒绝接受阴道超声检查;经会阴超声检查则可避免上述情况的发生,测量值更加准确,因此本研究选用经会阴超声对孕妇宫颈长度进行测量[12]。本研究结果提示,观察组的胎儿纤维连接蛋白水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),与相关研究结果相一致[13],胎儿纤维蛋白为细胞外基质糖蛋白的一种,分布于胎盘组织、蜕膜及羊水中,可促进巨噬细胞的巨噬作用及促进绒毛膜和蜕膜间的粘合而维持妊娠过程发挥重要作用,在正常孕妇妊娠期前24~35周时,孕妇胎膜及蜕膜连接逐渐紧密,宫颈阴道分泌物中纤维连接蛋白水平较低,但早产的孕妇因胎膜损伤等原因导致胎儿纤维蛋白经组织间隙进入阴道,故检测时表现为胎儿纤维连接蛋白水平升高。本研究结果提示,观察组的血清NO水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),分析原因可能与子宫对收缩物质增多的一种继发性代偿反应有关,NO在妊娠子宫不仅仅是舒张平滑肌的作用,其在早产宫缩发动时有一定的促进作用[14]。另外有研究者认为[15],先兆早产孕妇NO水平升高可能与NO可诱导宫颈成熟,NO水平的升高还可能是早产先兆的病人存在潜在感染,因细胞因子作用使NO水平升高有关。ROC分析结果提示,经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清NO检测较单独检测对早产预测价值更大,敏感度及特异度均明显升高,分析原因可能与早产为多种因素综合作用的结果,除炎症外还可能与宫颈功能、宫颈创伤等多种因素有关,因此仅采用1种指标对早产进行预测有一定的局限性,敏感度及特异度均不高,将多种指标综合后可提高检测敏感度及特异度,预测效果更佳。
综上所述,早产孕妇宫颈长度明显较健康产妇短,胎儿纤维连接蛋白及血清NO水平明显较健康产妇高,经会阴超声测量宫颈长度、胎儿纤维连接蛋白联合血清NO检测较单独检测对早产预测价值更大。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-03 本文編辑:孟庆卿)