前列腺癌伴单侧睾丸转移1例及文献回顾
2019-05-04杜泉乔西民徐晓峰李楠张少杰肖湘石晓志
杜泉 乔西民 徐晓峰 李楠 张少杰 肖湘 石晓志
[摘要] 本文回顾分析1例晚期前列腺癌伴单侧睾丸转移患者。本例患者以乏困、纳差为主诉入院,诊断为前列腺癌。前列腺穿刺活检为Gleason分级8分,转至泌尿外科,2018年1月4日行双侧睾丸切除术,术后病理发现前列腺癌睾丸左侧转移。前列腺癌睾丸转移为罕见病例,缺乏诊断特征,故提示对于晚期前列腺癌患者,应注意前列腺癌睾丸转移的发生。
[关键词] 前列腺癌;睾丸转移;睾丸切除
[中图分类号] R697 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)03(c)-0174-03
[Abstract] This article retrospectively analyzed a patient with advanced prostate cancer with unilateral testicular metastasis. This patient was admitted to hospital with a lack of sleep and anorexia. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer. The prostate biopsy was graded 8 points by Gleason and transferred to urology on January 4, 2018. Both sides of the orchiectomy were performed. Prostate cancer testicular metastasis is a rare case and lacks diagnostic features, so it is suggested that for patients with advanced prostate cancer, attention should be paid to prostate cancer testicular metastasis.
[Key words] Prostate cancer; Testicular metastasis; Orchiectomy
前列腺腺癌在男性人群中发病率较高,最常见的远处转移部位是淋巴结、骨和肺[1]。睾丸转移是罕见的,发生率低于4%[2]。这种类型的转移通常是单侧的,表现为可触及的睾丸肿块,很少同时累及睾丸和附睾[3]。目前,关于前列腺癌睾丸转移的报道不多,使得临床医生对该病的临床表现及诊断了解不足[4]。现报道1例前列腺癌睾丸转移患者,并结合文献对该疾病进行回顾性分析,以提高临床医生对该病的认识。
1 病例资料
患者,男57岁,因“乏困、纳差,贫血2月余”于2018年1月2日收治陕西省咸阳市中心医院(以下简称“我院”)血液科。实验室检查:血常规、肝肾功能正常,游离前列腺抗原>50.00 ng/mL,总前列腺特异性抗原:1426 ng/mL;胸部CT:①右肺上叶及中叶结节灶,部分已钙化;②双下肺纤维条索灶;③右侧胸腔少量积液,双侧局部胸膜肥厚。核磁共振成像(MRI):①前列腺增生,左侧外周带区小结节灶,弥散受限;②双侧耻骨、坐骨内异常信号灶,弥散轻度受限,转移瘤可能。骨穿:可见分类不明细胞,多考虑骨髓转移癌。骨骼ECT:全身骨显像为“超级影像”,考虑肿瘤广泛骨转移。前列腺穿刺活检:前列腺腺癌(Gleason分级4+4=8分;4组)。发现前列腺癌,会诊后遂转至我院泌尿外科,并于2018年1月4日行双侧睾丸切除术,术后恢复顺利常规口服比卡鲁胺治疗。术后大体标本见双睾丸体积正常,切面未见异常。术后病理检查提示左侧睾丸组织查见肿瘤,围绕曲细精管浸润性生长;附睾及精索未见明显病变;右侧睾丸、附睾及精索未见明显病变。免疫组织化学检查:P504S(+),PSMA(+),Ki-67(+,30%),PanCK(-),PLAP(-),SALL4(-),CD117(-),OCT3/4、CD45(-),inhibin(-),CD30(-)。患者术后病情稳定,随访中。
2 讨论
前列腺癌是老年男性常见的癌症,随着生活方式、饮食和环境的变化以及检测水平的提高,前列腺癌的发病率最近呈上升趋势[5]。前列腺癌的睾丸转移通常缺乏症状和体征,只能在尸体解剖后意外发现,或在晚期前列腺癌患者双侧睾丸切除术中发现,通过尸检发现概率为0.02%~2.50%[6],双侧睾丸切除术后发现概率为4%[7]。前列腺癌睾丸转移的组织学特征与原发性前列腺癌相似,但组织学表现出更具侵略性的表型[8],并且有进一步癌扩散的高危性[9],因此,患者生存率降低。Weitzner[10]报道了1例生存期约12个月的初诊睾丸转移前列腺癌患者。另一方面,其他研究[11]报告表明,在没有生化复发的情况下,生存时间大于2年。尽管睾丸转移是晚期疾病的标志,前列腺癌睾丸转移的预后作用尚不清楚[12]。本例患者是在前列腺癌行睾丸切除时偶然发现的,睾丸无任何症状,故提示前列腺癌手术去势治疗时,切除标本应及时送病检,否则就会对睾丸转移的情况漏诊,另外现在多数提倡进行药物去势治疗前列腺癌[13],如患者睾丸无明显体征,伴随着的问题是前列腺癌睾丸转移无法明确,间接影响到临床分期,进而对患者的后期治疗产生不可预知的后果,应引起泌尿外科醫生的重视[14]。
前列腺癌最常见的转移部位是骨(84%),其次是远处淋巴结(10.6%)、肝脏(10.2%)和肺(9.1%),而睾丸的转移率很低,并且这种转移通常是单侧的,常表现为睾丸肿块[15]。前列腺癌转移途径有:逆行静脉扩散、动脉栓塞、逆行淋巴管扩散或经输精管直接扩散至睾丸或附睾[16]。本例患者为广泛骨转移及左侧睾丸转移。Bonetta等[17]报道了1例孤立的前列腺癌睾丸转移患者,发现肿瘤其他部位转移与睾丸转移不具有相关性,提示在患者睾丸未发现明显症状和体征或是只有其他部位的孤立转移时,要考虑到前列腺癌睾丸转移的可能性并给出诊断。回顾文献未发现相关文献报道针对此类情况给出具体的诊断方案,本研究的经验是针对前列腺癌患者,在条件允许并未发现睾丸有异常体征和症状时可以给予睾丸B超检查排除转移性睾丸癌可能性。
前列腺癌的睪丸转移,为罕见的定位转移播散[18],回顾文献发现,前列腺癌睾丸转移的治疗目前以手术去势为主,辅以化疗及内分泌治疗[19]。患者早期行常规双侧睾丸切除术以及口服比卡鲁胺治疗[20]。随访至今,患者PSA水平下降,健康状况良好,行睾丸切除术可以提供一个良好的生活质量的延续以及在更长的时间内控制疾病。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-23 本文編辑:封 华)