篇章模式视角下的高中英语概要写作探究（一）

吴俊峰

篇章模式（textual pattern）指某一语篇所具备的特殊的结构，由篇章类型所决定。篇章类型不同，篇章建构的模式也就不同。因此，认识各种篇章类型，掌握其篇章模式，有助于学生把握语篇之骨架，了解语篇之精要。这种能力对英语概要写作尤其实用。

高中阶段英语概要写作所选的语篇，大都选自说明文和议论文这两种篇章类型，其篇章模式常分四种：正反议论、先破后立、问题解决、提问回答。笔者将结合实例，对以上四种模式分别进行分析，帮助学生厘清结构、抓住核心、提炼主旨，进而写出优秀的概要作品。

[ 一、正反议论模式（Positive-negative pattern） ]

（一）主要特点

正反议论模式是议论文的常见类型和写作模式，文章结构往往呈对照式。作者首先提出针对某一种社会现象或话题人们所持有的两种不同观点，然后从正反两个方面运用因果法、对比法、举例法等分别对其进行论辩，最后给出自己的看法。作为一种对照式的篇章结构，正反议论模式的文章思路清晰，凸显论述力度，是实用性很高的一种结构模式。

（二）基本结构

1. 开篇提出针对某社会现象或话题的两种不同观点;

2. 讨论第一个观点;

3. 讨论相反的观点;

4. 最后给出自己的看法。

（三）写作常用句式

1.开篇现象观点/话题表达

① a controversial issue

有争议性的问题

② raise a storm of debates

引發一场辩论风暴

③This research /phenomenon arouses different voices/a widespread concern.

这种研究/现象引起了不同的声音/广泛的关注。

2.常见过渡句

① Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.

对这个问题，仁者见仁智者见智。

② As to whether it is a blessing or a curse， however， people take different views/positions/attitudes/stands.

是祸是福，人们有不同观点/立场/态度/立场。

③ Peoples views，  however， are divergent/divided on the matter.

然而，人们对这个问题的看法是不同的。

④In the face of ... ，  people retain/take/assume different attitudes/positions/standpoints.

面对……人们保留/表现/假设不同的态度/立场/立场。

⑤ Although people reach/achieve the common understanding of sth， their views/ideas about its impact/influence/future are at opposite poles.

尽管人们达成共识，他们对其影响/冲击/未来的看法/观点是截然相反的。

3.各方观点表达句式

① 正面影响或积极观点：

remarkable/ steady growth  显著提高/ 稳步增长

the inevitable result  必然结果

② 负面影响或对立观点：

financial / psychological burden  经济/心理负担

be sacrificed to make way for...   牺牲……来实现……

③ Some people are inclined to think/claim/believe/hold/maintain that ... But others set forth a different argument about/opposite views on the matter.

有些人倾向于认为/主张/相信/主张……但也有一些人对这个问题提出了不同的观点。

④ Some people advocate/favor/are for （oppose/object to/are against）...Yet others stick to/hold on to/cling to the opposite views/argument/points.

有些人赞成（反对）……而另一些人则坚持相反的观点。

⑤ My favor goes to the first / second view.

我喜欢第一/第二种观点。

4.综合评价或客观结论句式

① The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

利远远大于弊。

② We should adopt a positive philosophy that...

我们应该采用积极的观点……

③ On balance， ... is a double-edge sword.

总的来说……是一把双刃剑。

5.常用过渡与对比转折类词语

① on the contrary; on one hand ... on the other hand ...

② by contrast; in contrast with/to; as a contrast to

③ on the contrary; to the contrary; contrary to; opposite to

④ compared with; in comparison with; by comparison

⑤ whereas; while; yet; however; but

[ 二、真题链接（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟2018届第二次联考）]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Artificial intelligence， or AI， no longer simply exists in science fiction movies and books. From the iPhone personal assistant Siri， to doing searches on the Internet， to the autopilot function， simple artificial intelligence， or AI， has been around for some time， but is quickly getting more complex and more intelligent.

Many present-day jobs that are labor intensive， or require data analysis， such as in the financial industry， will be replaced by machines with artificial intelligence.

“We wont have mass employment in manufacturing or in financial services. The kinds of scenes where there is a giant factory or a giant office building with thousands of people doing the same thing will go away.” Said computer science professor Stuart Russell.

Artificial intelligence is also transforming the health care industry. AI can process huge amounts of data and have the most up-to-date research to help doctors diagnose and treat patients. IBMs Watson

technology is already in hospitals in North and South America， Europe and Asia. AI will change the economy and the current way of our life.

But there is also a dangerous side of artificial intelligence — autonomous weapons out of drone（無人机） technology .The risk with autonomous weapons is that people will use them as a kind of poor mans weapon of mass destruction— a poor mans nuclear weapon. Thus， the international community need to create treaties to ban autonomous weapons. “It is a race against time because the weapons are starting to emerge， the research is moving into development， development is moving into production，” Russell said.

While it is up for debate whether artificial intelligence will hurt or benefit mankind， researchers say it is a fact that the technology is and will continue to transform many aspects of life. If we are going to make systems that are going to be more intelligent than us， its absolutely essential for us to understand how to guarantee that they only do things that we are happy with，” Russell said.

[ 三、写作步骤]

下面从五个步骤来具体谈谈“正反议论模式”之下的概要写作策略。

（一）浏览全文，抓住短文大意，分析体裁特点

首先，应通读短文，理解短文大意，掌握短文的基本结构。上述真题从篇章类型来看，属于正反议论模式，全文共分为六个自然段。首段提出话题：simple artificial intelligence， or AI， has been around for some time， but is quickly getting more complex and more intelligent。从第二段起正反分析人工智能的利弊，最后一段对人工智能的未来形态进行展望。

（二）再次快读，明确段落主旨，画出思维导图

基于正反议论模式结构逻辑，画出思维导图：第一段是提出话题，第二至四段是正方论点，其中第三、四段是论据，是对第二段的举例进行论证的，不作为主要点进行概要写作，第五段是反方论点，最后一段是作者观点。全文结构“总→分→总”一目了然。

【技巧点拨】  真题的第三、四段是次要点，是起说明和论证作用的例子。通常举例被视为细节信息，在提取要点信息时，会把例子作为具体的细节信息予以删除。但在一些情况下，如主观点信息不明确或概要内容不丰满等，就有必要把例子简要归类概括成为次要点。

（三）最后细读，定位概写要点，画出关键词句

进一步细读段落，找出每个段落主旨下的关键词和主题句。学会区别段落中的main ideas， supporting ideas， examples及additional information。

画出正确的关键词和主题句是概要写作最重要的内容和依据。各段的要点分析如下（下划双线的句子为主题句，下划单线的为次要点，加边框的词为表示总起、转折、过渡、总结等功能的连接性词汇和过渡性词汇）：

（四）转换表达，整合要点成句，初步连句成篇

此步骤要求把每个段落的关键词和主题句有机整合成合理的句子，在核心信息的基础上对原文的语言表达形式实施“整形手术”，以达到旧貌换新颜。原则上字数不能超过原句，不要改变原文的逻辑结构。此步骤最能反映写作者词汇的丰富性和语法的基本功。

1.整合成句

要点1：第一段主题句和第六段的回指首段话题句，共同整合成一句，使全文结构更紧凑，观点更明确。此句使用让步状语从句。

文本原句：AI is around for some time and getting more complex and more intelligent1， but2 there is debate whether artificial intelligence will hurt3 or benefit4 mankind.

轉换表达→While2 AIbrings great convenience4to humans，the development1of artificial intelligence alsobrings us dangers3.

要点2：第二段主题句和第三、四段关键词整合成一句，但第三、四段关键词是例子和重复信息，可省略和削减。此句使用relieves sb from ...句式，简明扼要。

文本原句：Many present-day jobs that are labor intensive， or require data analysis willbe replaced by machines with artificial intelligence1.

转换表达→AIrelieves usfrom1 intensive labor and data analysis.

要点3：第五段主题句和关键词risk可整合成一句。此句使用put at the risk of ...（使……处于……危险之中）精确简练。

文本原句：But there is also a dangerous side of artificial intelligence — autonomous weapons is a risk1.

转换表达→it mayput us at the risk of1 autonomous weapon.

要点4：第六段主题句和关键表述is and will continue to transform many aspects of life整合成一句。此句使用让步状语从句、主语从句和宾语从句。

文本原句：Though1 AI is and will continue to transform many aspects of life2， its absolutely essential for us to understand how to guarantee that they only do things that we are happy with3.

转换表达→No matter what1impact it will have on human society2， what we need to do is to guarantee thatAI only does things that benefits3.

2.连句成篇

把句子整合成篇章，应按行文逻辑进行写作，可以打破段落主旨的前后关系，尽量把多个句子的信息合理整合在一个句子当中。整合过程中应使用多种语言结构和句型，避免照抄原文。形成概要初稿如下：

While AI brings great convenience to humans， the development of artificial intelligence also brings us dangers. AI relieves us from intensive labor and data analysis. It may put us at the risk of autonomous weapon. No matter what impact it will have on human society， what we need to do is to guarantee that AI only does things that benefit.

（五）優化语言，注重全文连贯，誊写工整规范

从词汇应用和语法结构的丰富性和准确性以及上下文的连贯性等几个角度考虑，结合本文文体特点，使用On the one hand ...，on the other hand ...和But anyway进行有效衔接，填补逻辑鸿沟（logical gap），使要点更加紧凑，全文文气通畅，一气呵成。同时注意词数要求（65词），形成概要终稿如下：

While bringing great convenience to humans， the development of artificial intelligence also brings us dangers.【要点1】 AI relieves us from intensive labor and data analysis.【要点2】On the other hand， it may put us at the risk of autonomous weapon.【要点3】 But anyway no matter what impact it will have on human society， what we need to do is to guarantee that AI only does things that benefit.【要点4】

我们可以将此类对比观点文章形成以下模式：

While bringing （好处） ， （话题） also brings us dangers./（话题）， which is considered as both a blessing and a curse./【要点1】 On one hand， it relieves us from（益处）。【要点2】On the other hand， it may put us at the risk of（弊端）。【要点3】 What we need to do is guarantee that sth. only does things that benefit. 【要点4】

[ 四、实战演练]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Fishing is probably the worlds most popular sport. People spend

many dollars each year on items like boats and four-wheel-drive vehicles. In addition， they spend money on fishing equipment， bait，fuel and boat repairs. And you can see that fishing can be an expensive pastime. Fishing lovers believe that their hobby is worth it. Others say that fishing is spoiling the environment and that it is a cruel hobby.

Supporters of fishing say that it is a nice hobby. Firstly， of the millions of people who fish for fun， most only catch enough fish to feed their families. They catch fish that are found in large numbers， so there is little danger to the species （种类）.

Secondly， recreational fishermen contribute to the economy. They spend money on equipment and other items， and they also spend it indirectly by paying taxes on their equipment and fuel. Those who travel to fishing spots pay for accommodation （食宿） and airfares. This money keeps people in work and provides new jobs each year.

Thirdly， fishing is relaxing and fun so it lessens stress. Instead of turning to drugs or alcohol， it is far better to go fishing. People who are relaxed are generally healthier and much nicer to be near —except for the smell of the bait！

Those whore against fishing say that there are too many fish thoughtlessly taken form rivers， lakes， streams and oceans. This could lead to the dying out of some species. Modern cars and boats mean that people can fish in remote areas of the world， so no place is safe from greedy fishermen who take both males and females， leaving few fish to produce young.

Those against fishing also say that it is a blood sport， which means that an animal must die so that a human can have fun. Many of the fish caught for sport are not suitable for eating，so they are thrown away. Once hooked， fish have no chance of escape.

【參考范文】

With fishing increasingly popular， various views arise about it. 【要点1】Fishing lovers find this popular yet expensive sport worthwhile because it injects them great fun， releases their stress as well as accelerates economic development.【要点2】On the contrary， those who object to fishing argue that fishing threatens some species of fish. 【要点3】They also consider it cruel of fishermen to have fun at the risk of the life of fish.【要点4】