寻找香格里拉

In Shangri-La， the dog， at least， was a picture of shaggy serenity. A Tibetan mastiff， leonine mane halfway down its forelegs， it allowed itself to be stroked by tourist after tourist， to be mounted by the children scampering across the square. The photographer would frame tourist and dog， the temple and “the worlds biggest prayer wheel”. Click. Click. Click…

The “real” Shangri-La， deep in the south west of China in the province of Yunnan， located several hundred miles to the west： in the mountainous， mysterious land of Tibet （described as the Tibetan Autonomous Region， or TAR， on official Chinese maps）.

The Tibet of our dreams has always been synonymous with spirituality； a place whose people， enduring severe altitude， a harsh climate have chosen in the main to focus on the next life rather than the present. Tibet has also， for many， been seen as the place on which James Hilton modelled his fictional Shangri-La—a tranquil refuge from worldly troubles dreamt up in 1933 in his novel Lost Horizon.

Hilton had never been to Asia， but he read accounts of the missionary explorers. Then， having climbed English hills “with wild thoughts of Everest and Kangchenjunga”， he sat at a typewriter in Woodford Green， Essex， and transported four passengers in a British government plane to a place of trans-Himalayan bliss； a fertile vastness where strife is unknown， police and soldiers are redundant， and people live for centuries. He transported many readers， too. Lost Horizon became a bestseller and a Frank Capra film.

In the years since， Shangri-La has become shorthand for heaven on earth. It has been borrowed by a hotel group， which leaves soothing quotations from the novel on the pillows of its guests and which this year celebrated a new opening， the Shangri-La Lhasa. But it is， after all， an invention， so how did it end up being given cartographic reality in China？

Its a complicated story. Hilton， it is suggested， was inspired by articles in National Geographic by a botanist and explorer， Joseph Rock， who lived in Yuhu， Yunnan， between 1922 and 1949. In the mid-Eighties， Xuan Ke， a musicologist whose father had worked for Rock， was given a copy of Lost Horizon. Hiltons descriptions， he says， reminded him of Zhongdian， where his grandmother was from， Deqin， where he had relations， and Lijiang， where he then lived.

Local officials， on learning of his “findings”， got equally excited. The result was a PR operation as unstoppable as a Himalayan avalanche. A song， Stepping into Shangri-La， was released， coffee-table books were published， Zhongdian County was rechristened ShangriLa County， and a new airport that would bring millions of tourists to see it was formally named Diqing ShangriLa.

The tenuousness of the connection between Hilton and this part of China has never bothered the authorities. Nor does it worry the newly moneyed， newly mobile Han Chinese， who in increasing numbers are heading for Shangri-La and the Lost Horizon， or， as they are sometimes rendered，“Shangri-La” and the “Lost Horizontal”.

With the 60th anniversary of Hiltons death （December 20， 1954） approaching， my wife and I set off to join them， to see how their notions of Shangri-La might compare with our own. We started in Lhasa staying， naturally， at the Shangri-La Lhasa where guests prepare for the rigorous of high-altitude sightseeing by reclining in an “oxygen lounge”.

The very journey there， however， is a reminder that its a place set apart. We flew in from Chengdu， in Sichuan， where one queue at security was solely for passengers to Lhasa.

Dropping from a blue sky between gray-green peaks towards Lhasa Gong-gar airport， our plane passed three or four military helicopters and then a squadron of fighters. Over the next three days， as we visited palaces and monasteries in the company of hundreds of Chinese tourists， it was clear from their behavior that Lhasa， its lung-busting hills， its people and its faith were as exotic to the Han as they were to us.

Visit to Lhasa means you need to bring with yourself a UV umbrella and even a scarf to shield your body from the cheek-reddening sun. It was because the sunlight there is extremely strong there.

Not closely enough. There were too many distractions： the monk collecting donations in a bowl the size of a cartwheel； the sickly sweet smell of yak butter burning in a lantern； the monk sculpting butter， with wet hands and maths-class dividers， into a devotional object…

Yet in the Barkhor area， the old ways endure. There may be armoured cars and bored police， but the pilgrims still come， as they have since the seventh century. The most devout prostrate themselves en route， now rising， now falling on leather knee-pads， clacking the wooden blocks they wear to protect their hands. At the entrance to the Jokhang Temple， they fall in waves， the hands of one not far from the heels of another. If there is a gap， it will be filled by a Chinese tourist with a camera.

At Gyalthang Ringha Monastery， in a pine forest not far from where we encountered that mastiff， there were no Chinese tourists. Apart from us， there were no tourists at all. Dolkar， the cheery Tibetan guide who met us off the plane to Shangri-La， took us there en route to our accommodation. She thought we would enjoy the contrast with Lhasa.

Goats encircled us as we reached the top， followed as we made our way clockwise around the monastery perimeter under a spiders web of prayer flags. Their bleating， and the hammering of two men making renovations， were the only sounds.

Inside， we were met with much of what we had seen in Lhasa， but on a smaller scale and a big surprise. Among yak-butter lanterns， in a gilt frame， was a photograph of the 14th Dalai Lama. It was the first of several we would see over the next few days. Dolkar told us that displays of his image had been allowed locally since March this year.

Just as tourism has turned Zhongdian into ShangriLa， so it has renamed Qiatou—now better known as Tiger Leaping Gorge Town. Here， the Jinsha （Golden Sands） River， a tributary of the upper Yangtse， is squeezed between the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and the Haba Snow Mountain under cliffs that fall nearly 7，000ft. Legend has it that， to escape a hunter， a tiger hurled itself across at the narrowest point—still a leap of 80ft （24m）.

This isnt tiger country， but that doesnt deter the millions of tourists， who photograph the gorge， their friends and family and themselves from one or all of the platforms. Its a circus， but a well-managed one， and if the tigers an invention， the power of the water isnt. Theres an undeniable thrill in standing feet above it， watching it churn and boil， and knowing that you wouldnt last seconds if you fell in.‘Impression Lijiang show created by Zhang Yimou

Most of the coaches clogging TLG Town brought daytrippers from Lijiang. It has a population of about a million， and last year drew some eight million tourists to see its “old”town， a “Venice of the east” threaded with canals. The original was flattened by an earthquake in 1996， rebuilt and then listed by Unesco as a World Heritage Site in 1997.

Our guide there， Anna， was of the Naxi， a people whose women run the home， manage the finances and do most of the work in house and fields. And the men？

“Smoking， drinking， playing mah-jong and making babies– thats all.” We werent surprised to hear that Anna was married to a Tibetan. Her Shangri-La， I suspect， might be a society in which men make themselves a little more useful.

Neither hers nor ours would be the old town of Lijiang certainly not in the evening， when the gurgling of those canals is drowned by the din from clubs and bars， and a years worth of visitors seems to have descended at once， intent on clearing the sort of shops that sell embroidered purses on one side and catapults on the other. We fled， and went to bed with earplugs.

Black Dragon Pool Park， on the northern edge of Lijiang， which we visited a couple of mornings later， was more restful： all pavilions and bridges and trees. There are tourists， posing before Jade Dragon Snow Mountain， but there are also plenty of elderly locals， the women sketching the slow， sinuous shapes of tai chi， the men， in high-waisted trousers， out for their constitutional.

One pavilion houses the Museum of Naxi Dongba Culture. The Naxi have a system of pictographs， 1，000 years old， the only hieroglyphic language still in use. The Dongba， their sham ans， are both caretakers of the language and mediators between the Naxi and the spirit world. In the museum we met a Dongba， seated at a desk in his red embroidered tunic writ-ing samples of the script with a bamboo pen on parchment. We bought one， and I asked him， through the interpreter， what would be his idea of Shangri-La. He paused a moment， pushed his spectacles back on his nose and said： “A place at the foot of a mountain， where they have sheep and lots of other animals on grassland， and people riding horses and dancing and singing.” And not too many tourists？

“Nowadays， there are lots of tourists everywhere， even on the highest mountains.” So it proved when we made our pilgrimage to Jade Dragon Snow Mountain National Park， among 20，000 other visitors. We drove in through fir-clad slopes， past yak grazing on the edge of a golf course， to an arena where our tour operator had suggested we see a show， Impression Lijiang. I feared a cheesy slice of Chinese folklore. It turned out to be a visual spectacular created by Zhang Yimou， the film director whose work opened and closed the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Massed dancers moved along ledges like caterpillars； horsemen cantered above our heads. When the rain came， drummers pattering in time， and the spectators wriggled into full-length macs， even that seemed choreographed.

In between weaning the Naxi off opium and teaching them farming， Joseph Rock collected seeds from Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. In the cobbled village of Yuhu， at the foot of the mountain， where Rocks former home is a museum， we met an 82-year-old farmer who， as a boy， had been among Rocks helpers.

Photographs are the main exhibits in the museum， including one showing Rock with a man who was his “server， interpreter， housekeeper and safety guard… They wear the same Tibetan dresses which implies that they were very close friends.” Indeed. The assumption these days is that Rock was gay though the farmer challenged that. He told us he had “a secret” for us： Rock had had not just one but two wives， one American and one Italian. This was news to Anna. The farmer， we decided， might still have all his hair， but perhaps not all the facts.

We met another venerable resident at Baisha， six miles or so from Lijiang， a village of adobe houses renowned for handmade embroidery. Duan Shao Feng， who looked remarkably sprightly for 98， showed us around her soot-blackened kitchen， where a cat snoozed in an opening on the stove.

Unlike the inhabitants of Hiltons Shangri-La， she clearly didnt expect to be allowed at least another century on earth. In an opening above her courtyard， she stored a recent purchase： the top， bottom and sides of her own coffin.

Workmen dug in the drizzle in many of Baishas cobbled streets， but its Dabaoji Palace and the neighbouring Liuli Temple were quiet and calm. It was easy to imagine Hiltons anti-hero Conway in the former， strolling the intimate courtyards bounded by massive wooden pillars， lingering， perhaps， in the shade of a fluffy-looking red willow， its trunk split by lightning early in its 500 years.

In 1937， for Pall Mall magazine， Hilton wrote of his reaction on being shown the set Capra built at Burbank， Los Angeles：“[His] conception of the lamasery of Shangri-La… was more visual than mine had ever been； but henceforth， it is part of my own mental conception also. The lotus pool fringed by flowers and lawns， and the exquisitely stylised architecture of lamasery background， caught the exact paradox of something permanent enough to exist for ever and too ethereal to exist at all. “I could not help a feeling of sadness that it must， presumably， be broken up when the picture was finished； I should have liked to have added a few rooms to its unsubstantial fabric and lived there myself.”