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基于承载板试验的双参数地基基床系数的获取方法和试验研究

2018-12-11张望喜陈宝肖龙杰刘精巾邓曦

湖南大学学报·自然科学版 2018年9期

张望喜 陈宝 肖龙杰 刘精巾 邓曦

摘要:基于Pasternak地基模型的基本理论,利用能量法建立双参数地基刚性板系统的能量方程;根据最小势能原理,建立双参数地基基床系数、承载板尺寸、荷载和沉降变形之间的关系式.基于此关系式和已有基床系数确定规则,通过不同尺寸承载板的荷载试验,可以建立以双参数地基基床系数为未知数的方程组,从而解得双参数地基基床系数表达式.通过4块不同形状和尺寸刚性板(直径0.3 m、0.6 m圆板和边长0.54 m、0.71 m方板)的实测试验获取实际场地下砂性地基土的双参数基床系数值,验证了上述方法的可行性;结合基础沉降和相邻基础相互影响的算例说明了双参数地基的工程意义;结合已有研究成果给出了不同状态的黏性土和砂性土的双参数基床系数的建议值.本文方法为双参数地基模型的推广及工程应用提供一定的借鉴与参考.

关键词:土结构相互作用;双参数地基模型;基床系数;能量方程;承载板载荷试验

中图分类号:TU470文献标志码:A

Experimental Study and Evaluation Methodology

of Foundation Coefficients for Twoparameter Foundation

Model Based on Rigid Plate Loading Tests

ZHANG Wangxi1,2, CHEN Bao1, XIAO Longjie1, LIU Jingjin1, DENG Xi1

(1.College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China;

2.Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Diagnosis for Engineering Structures, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China)

Abstract:Energy equation of twoparameter foundation rigid plate system was established by using energy method based on the basic theory of Pasternak model. In the principle of the minimum potential energy, the relationships of foundation coefficient, foundation size, load and surface displacement of soil were obtained. The foundation coefficient expression was obtained by solving the equation system which was established with two rigid plates loading test of different size based on the above relationships and the existing determining rules of foundation coefficient. Four sandy soilrigid plate loading tests were performed to verify the validity of this method, where the circular plates with diameter of 0.3 m and 0.6 m, and square plates with the size of 0.54 m × 0.54 m and 0.71 m ×0.71 m were used. Examples of calculating foundation settlement and considering the influence of adjacent foundation were given to illustrate the engineering significance of the twoparameter foundation model, and empirical values of twoparameter foundation coefficient for clayey soil and sandy soil were estimated for the popularization and application of the twoparameter foundation model.

Key words:soilstructure interaction; twoparameter foundation model; foundation coefficient; energy equation; plate loading test

地基土模型是分析土與基础相互作用问题中十分重要的因素.由于实际土体所固有的复杂性,理想化弹性模型被应用于模拟分析土结构相互作用时土介质的反应.Selvadurai(1979)阐述了各种地基理想化模型[1],Dutta等(2002)分析总结了各地基模型的优势和局限性[2].Winkler(1867)最早提出的理想化地基模型假设地基由一系列各自独立且互不影响的弹簧组成,弹簧常数k称为基床系数.由于Winkler地基模型忽视了土的黏性和连续性,改进的双参数的连续弹性地基模型被提出.FilonenkoBoorodich(1940)、Hetényi(1946)、Pasternak(1954)以及Kerr(1964)等地基力学模型基于Winkler地基模型并假设其各弹簧间有力的相互作用以消除其不连续性,其弹簧单元间是由弹性薄膜、弹性梁或只有剪切变形的弹性层提供相互作用的[1];Reissner(1958)[3]和Vlasov(1966)[4]等提出的连续介质模型是通过引入约束或简化的位移分布与应力的某些假设简化弹性连续介质模型得到的.由于力学模型难以获取准确度模型参数,连续介质模型理论较为复杂,难以直接应用于工程实际,Horvath和Colasanti (2011)结合其优缺点提出了一种混合的改进的KerrReissner(MKR)模型[5].

在地基力学模型中,基床系数作为地基模型的重要参数,在模型分析和工程设计中具有重要的实际意义[6],其获取方法得到了工程师的重视.Hayashi(1921)首先提出通过荷载板试验测定基床系数[7];Terzaghi(1955)采用1ft2方形载荷实验板测量基床系数,并根据土体类别进行基础形状和尺寸修正[8].Biot(1937)[9]和Vesic(1961)[10]通过理论分析拟合出基床系数的经验公式,国外一些学者认为Biot公式为基床系数下限值,Vesic公式为基床系数上限值.张祖贤(1993)采用砂槽中5种尺寸的刚性压块试验,并根据收集的黏性土地基的试验结果获取基床系数经验公式,结果表明实测基床系数随基础尺寸增大而减小[11];张望喜等(2003)利用位移反分析和遗传算法,根据地基板挠度实测结果对地基参数进行反分析,识别出原位状态下的地基参数[12];Farouk等(2014)采用有限元分析土结构相互作用,结果表明基础底部基床系数不均匀,其取值与基础形状有关,基础中间较低而边界较高[13].

现阶段对于单参数地基基床系数的获取,比较常用的测试方法有:K30荷载板试验、室内三轴试验、旁压试验和扁铲侧胀试验等[14].中国参照日本《公路的平板载荷载试验方法》(JISA 1215-1995修订版)和德国《平板载荷载试验》(DIN 18314-1993修订版)[15],并结合了近年来的科研成果和施工经验,同时针对实际应用中存在的问题,制订了K30平板载荷载试验方法,该方法正式纳入我国国家标准《地下铁道、轻轨交通岩土工程勘察规范》(GB 50307-1999)及其更新替换标准《城市轨道交通岩土工程勘察规范》(GB 50307-2012)[16]、《岩土工程勘察规范[2009版]》(GB 50021-2001)[17]以及行业标准《铁路工程土工试验规程》(TB 10102-2010)[18].双参数地基模型可以考虑土体的部分连续性,可以解决单参数地基模型不能分析相邻基础间的相互影响问题,但双参数地基模型中基床系数的确定目前存在很多困难,业内尚无成熟或较普遍认可的方法,更没有可行的实地测量方法,成为了阻碍其应用和推广的障碍.本文基于Pasternak地基模型理论[1],在能量分析的基础上,提出了一种利用刚性板静力荷载试验获取双参数地基基床系数的方法;结合已有研究成果,给出了双参数地基基床系数的建议值,为双参数地基的推广和工程应用提供了基础.

1基于矩形刚性板的地基双参数表达式

1.1双参数地基土矩形刚性板系统能量方程

如图1所示,刚性板尺寸为a×b,板中心受集中荷载P作用.根据双参数地基模型特性,可将刚性板作用下的地基区域划分为板内区域、板边区域(A2、A4、A5、A7)和板角区域(A1、A3、A6、A8).荷载P作用下板内区域挠度为w,板外区域挠度为.根据Pasternak地基模型理论[1],地基表面的沉降变形(即挠度)表达式如下:

6结论

在双参数地基模型的基本理论下,利用能量法建立双参数地基刚性板系统的能量方程,利用最小势能原理,建立双参数地基基床系数、承载板尺寸、荷载和沉降变形之间的关系式.基于此关系式和已有基床系数确定规则,通过不同尺寸承载板的荷载试验,可以建立以双参数地基基床系数为未知数的方程组,从而解得双参数地基的基床系数.

推导了黏性土地基、砂性土地基、矩形板和圆形板不同情况下,获取双参数地基模型基床系数的基本公式,基于现行规范的研究成果,给出双参数地基基床系数的建议值.

通过地基承载板试验实测和结果分析,验证了本文方法的可行性.通过算例分析,证明了用双参数地基模型分析相邻基础相互影响的必要性和本文方法的适用性.

本文方法为双参数地基模型的推广及工程应用提供一定的借鉴与参考.

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