APP下载

一位早期的英國甲骨學者
——庫壽齡傳

2018-12-02MrsCouling著郅曉娜譯

甲骨文与殷商史 2018年0期
关键词:學院山東甲骨

Mrs. Couling著 郅曉娜譯

(中國社會科學院歷史研究所,出土文獻與中國古代文明研究協同創新中心)

譯者前言: 英國浸禮會傳教士庫壽齡先生(1859—1922)因和美國長老會傳教士方法斂先生一起合購甲骨而聞名於甲骨學界。他於1884年受英國浸禮會派遣來到山東青州傳教,1887年開始管理一所寄宿學校,即廣德書院。1904年廣德書院與登州文會館合并,在濰縣成立廣文學堂,庫壽齡也隨之搬到濰縣任教。1906年他被調到青州神學院任教,1908年辭去教會職務,搬到上海居住,1922年在上海病逝。庫壽齡從1903年開始關注甲骨,1903—1912年和方法斂一起合購甲骨,先後轉讓給英美多家博物館。1914年他發表了一篇有關甲骨的論文《河南之卜骨》。庫壽齡最主要的學術活動,是他主編了《亞洲文會北中國支會會刊》(1913、1914、1915三期)、《中國百科全書》(1917)和《新中國評論》(1919—1922),以及和蘭寧合著《上海志(2卷)》(1921、1923),在漢學界産生了很大影響。《中國百科全書》更是榮獲了法國漢學家獎“儒蓮獎”。本文翻譯的是庫壽齡去世後由他夫人撰寫的簡短傳記(訃告)。這篇小傳發表在1922年《亞洲文會北中國支會會刊》上,同年又發在《新中國評論》第四卷第六期(也是最後一期)上。译文中的注釋爲筆者所加。筆者翻譯水平有限,而英文原文又比較難找,故而附列於後,以便學者對讀。

訃告 庫壽齡碩士

庫壽齡(Samuel Couling)1859年生於倫敦,是家中最小的孩子。父親是一位不信奉英國國教的新教牧師,雖然富有學術品味,但由於家庭拮據,無力給予孩子很多早期優勢。年輕人在十五六歲的時候進了一家保險公司,兩三年後應父親的召唤進了布里斯托浸會學院。他在這個學院修了五年神學課程,同時又在布里斯托大學學院(即今之布里斯托大學)修藝術課程。正是在浸會學院,他第一次對中國差會工作産生了興趣。

1883年1月,庫壽齡成爲德文郡托特尼斯鎮的浸會教堂牧師,1884年6月結束了短暫而愉快的牧師生活,因爲此時英國浸禮會正在招聘14名到中國傳教的志願者。這位年輕的牧師報了名並被録取。他的教民們遺憾地承認了差會工作的優先需求,學著把他視爲他們在異教地區的代表,並把他的名字終生記録在教堂名册上。

他於1884年12月到達中國,被分到山東青州府。經過一段時間的語言學習,他開始負責一所新建的寄宿學校。男學生們都是從基督教徒家庭挑選的孩子,所有課程用漢語教學,不用英語,早期教育的情况就是這樣。(1)庫壽齡在青州負責的這所學校就是有名的“廣德書院”。這所男生寄宿學校開辦於1887年,當年只招收了16名學生,學校主要負責人是庫壽齡。1893年學校得到百年基金(Centenary Fund)的捐款得以擴建,新校舍于次年完工,取名“廣德書院”。廣德書院自建立到1904年與登州文會館合并,一直由庫壽齡負責,庫壽齡將自己的絶大部分精力都用在了經營和發展這所學校上面。參看于洪振: 《從登州到濟南——齊魯大學校園空間變遷及其影響》,山東大學碩士學位論文,2018年5月,頁13—14。

他很快意識到,出於工作的需要和他個人的意願,他需要一個學位。他充分利用了工作和研究之余的全部時間,並利用兩次休假時間做好必要的準備,最終於1902年在愛丁堡獲得文科碩士學位。在教學大綱允許的範圍内,他選擇了有利於他在中國工作的專業,同時他也爲理學學士學位和法律學士學位做了很多努力,並希望在第三次休假期間考取其中一個或兩個。然而,實際情况阻止了一切。大約在1904年,差會的教育政策發生了重大改變,而他並不贊賞這種變化;在新環境下工作了兩三年,他做出了明智的選擇——辭職。也正是這一時期,他兩次被邀到山西大學任校長,但他以想繼續留在差會爲由拒絶了。1908年他最終决定從浸禮會辭職,這成了他一生最大的悲哀之一。(2)這裏所説的差會教育政策的重大改變,指的是英國浸禮會和美國長老會聯合辦學這一重大决定。根據《美國長老會海外傳教團第68次年報》記載: 1902年6月,英國浸禮會和美國長老會在青州舉行聯席會議,商討兩國教會在山東聯合舉辦教育事宜,通過了《聯合舉辦山東基督教大學的决議》。經過兩年的商談,1904年1月雙方共同簽署了《教育工作聯合準則》,最終决定聯合建立山東基督教大學。山東基督教大學包括三個學院,即文理學院、神學院、醫學院。文理學院設在濰縣,是將登州文會館和青州廣德書院搬到濰縣共同組建而成。神學院設在青州,醫學院最終設在濟南。參看68th Annual Report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. Presented to the General Assembly, May 1905, p.124-141. 對英國浸禮會和美國長老會聯合辦校的决議,庫壽齡一直持反對意見。但迫於形勢,他只得接受。1904年10月,文理學院正式開課,取名廣文學堂(後稱廣文大學),庫壽齡也從青州搬到濰縣。新學校的校長是原登州文會館校長柏爾根,庫壽齡只是普通教員。辛苦經營近20年的書院被美國長老會接管,庫壽齡對此非常不滿,加之與柏爾根在教學理念和管理方法上的諸多分歧,於1906年向浸禮會總部提交辭呈。浸禮會極力挽留他,將他調往青州神學院繼續工作。1908年他再度提出辭職並獲得批准。參看于洪振: 《從登州到濟南——齊魯大學校園空間變遷及其影響》,頁23—26。

然後他搬到上海,在一個名門家庭做了幾年家庭教師。(3)這裏的信息較爲簡略,筆者查到其他一些資料予以補充。1908年庫壽齡搬到上海後,也是幾經周折,并經歷了一段從上海到倫敦、再到上海的過程。根據《亞洲文會北中國支會會刊》記載的會員地址,庫壽齡1909年居住在上海Boone Road(文監師路)44號,1910年居住在上海Avenue Paul Brunat(寶昌路)328號,1911年居住在上海廣學會(Christian Literature Society)。參看Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.39(1908), Vol.40(1909), Vol.41(1910)。而根據方法斂 1910年5月7日致金璋的書信記載,1910年5月庫氏已經到達倫敦,并在那裏做家庭教師。他買下了庫方藏品中方法斂的那部分,準備做甲骨研究。方法斂寫道:“庫先生現在是那家(筆者注: 信中提到的Mr. Geo McCain)的家庭教師。地址是 Rev. S. Couling Little Marlowe,我想應該在倫敦西邊。他答應過我要盡快去拜訪您。庫先生買下了我們提供給卡内基博物院的那批藏品中屬於我的那部分,卡内基一直没有答復我們。因此,在庫先生的誠摯要求下,我把我的那部分讓給了他。庫先生想做甲骨方面的研究,這對學界可能大有助益,因爲他既精通漢語,又有學術頭腦。庫先生性格怪異,但興趣很廣。我們兩人性格差異較大,却是非常要好的朋友。請原諒我的自信!我在上海時曾向他提過我在甲骨上所做的瑣碎工作。應他的要求,我把《甲骨字表》早期的手稿(1—1200 號)給了他。”然而,庫氏並未在倫敦常駐,也没有專注於甲骨研究。他把甲骨藏品轉讓給大英博物院,之後又返回上海,開始涉足亞洲文會北中國支會的各項工作。1914—1916年他是亞洲文會北中國支會的榮譽秘書,也是會刊主編。(4)根據《亞洲文會北中國支會會刊》記載,1911年庫壽齡當選爲亞洲文會北中國支會的委員會成員,1914—1916年擔任學會秘書和會刊編輯。1914年2月20日,他在支會會議上宣讀一篇有關甲骨的論文《河南之卜骨》,并刊登在當年的會刊上。參看Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.42(1911), Vol.43(1912), Vol.44(1913) , Vol.45(1914). 鄒芙都教授曾對這篇論文的内容進行過詳細介紹。參看鄒芙都: 《西方傳教士與中國甲骨學》,北京: 科學出版社2015年版,頁117—121。這一時期,他感到亞洲文會圖書館或其他圖書館都缺少有關中國事物的一般參考書,遂開始爲編纂這樣一部書而收集資料。1917年他出版了《中國百科全書》,該書於1919年榮獲儒蓮獎。該書《前言》寫到:“這是一個基本框架,在此基礎上可以編纂一部更全面、更有價值的百科全書”,編者也一直希望能出版第二版,爲此他手中有足够的資料可用。(5)《中國百科全書》是庫壽齡漢學研究的代表作。該書由上海别發洋行出版,共633頁,是首部用英文撰寫的此類著作,一直被來自世界各地的漢學家廣泛參引。正是這部《中國百科全書》,爲庫壽齡贏得了1919年度的“儒蓮獎”。儒蓮獎是法蘭西科學院爲紀念著名漢學家儒蓮而設,代表歐洲主流漢學界的評價標準。獲得“儒蓮獎”,無疑是對庫壽齡此書的最好褒獎,也是對其漢學研究生涯的充分肯定。參看王國强: 《〈新中國評論〉出版前言》,《新中國評論(The New China Review 1919—1922)》,北京: 國家圖書館出版社2012年版。

1919年,儘管身體狀况不佳,他接受了上海(倫敦傳教會)麥倫書院代理校長一職,並很高興能回到差會工作。但到年底的時候,一場大病迫使他辭職。同年他開始主編《新中國評論》。(6)《新中國評論》創刊於1919年3月,1922年12月停刊。雙月刊,一年6期合爲1卷,共4卷24期。庫壽齡創辦《新中國評論》,主要是爲了賡續英國漢學的代表刊物《中國評論》。《新中國評論》的作者以在華傳教士爲主,輔以任職於西方在華各種機構的歐美僑民,部分來自歐洲本土的學院派人士,以及少數中國學者。2012年國家圖書館對這套書進行了影印出版,王國强在《〈新中國評論〉出版前言》中對它的创刊緣起、作者群體、重要影响、研究价值等进行了綜合研究。庫壽齡十分重視甲骨研究,《新中國評論》第1卷第2期和第3期刊登了金璋的論文Working The Oracle(上、下),第2卷第5期刊登了金璋的論文The Shaman or Wu巫: A Study in Graphic Camouflage,第2卷第3期卷首刊登了金璋的照片。

1920年,他接受了上海市政委員會的邀請,繼續編纂因George Lanning先生去世而未完成的3卷本《上海志》。不幸的是,庫壽齡去世之前只完成了第二卷。(7)《上海志》是用英文資料寫成的第一部翔實記載19世紀上海租界歷史的著作,主要資料來源於工部局檔案,《北華捷報》等報紙,還有時人記載。由於資料翔實,結構嚴謹,被學者評爲“一部態度嚴肅、有很高學術價值的著作”。參看王國强: 《〈新中國評論〉出版前言》。他於1922年6月15日在上海去世,享年62歲。

1894年他成爲亞洲文會北中國支會的會員,并代表學會參加了1910年格拉兹舉辦的“國際動物學大會”。正如前面説過的,他擔任了幾年支會秘書和會刊主編。1918年他成爲支會的榮譽會員,去世之前他還是支會的一名副主席。

他生性不善社交,不喜言談。這些特徵,又因爲稀少而令人痛苦的疾病——食管憩室——而愈加明顯,這個多年來不斷加重的痛苦,最終結束了他的生命。因此,他在社會意義上並不廣爲人知,但他晚年最大的快樂之一,就是諸多領域里博學慷慨的人們給與他的友誼,幫助他完成了《中國百科全書》,並使《新中國評論》成爲可能。

總是謙虚於自己的能力和成就,他最新的願望之一——多次重複的——就是希望他身後没有悼詞,這個願望他的朋友們都感到應該尊重。然而,可以這樣説,他對身體虚弱的頑强抵抗和只要有一絲力量就堅持工作的决心,經常使認識他的人聯想到羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森,兩人在容貌上也有幾分相似。

卷首插圖的那張肖像畫,大約攝於1911年,是他的朋友們最願意記住的他的形象——是最後幾年身體的痛苦在他身上刻下痕迹之前的一張照片。

大多數人都將記住他是《中國百科全書》多才多藝的編纂者,漢學家們將會記住他是《新中國評論》大膽的編輯,但他最美好的記憶是他樸素的、認真的教育和指導過的一些中國人的性格和生活,這是他一生中最好的時光,是在山東内地一座沉睡的甜美老城裏度過的20多年時光。

他身後留有遺孀(應他的願望,這篇短文由他妻子撰寫)和一兒一女。

OBITUARY Samuel Couling, M.A. (壽齡庫)(8)此爲英語原文,摘自New China Review, Vol.4, No.6, De.1922, pp.522-524.庫壽齡的肖像照就印在卷首。

Samuel Couling was born in London in 1859, the youngest child of a Nonconformist minister who, though of scholarly tastes, could not give his children many early advantages, through straitened circumstances. The lad was put into an Insurance Office at fifteen or sixteen; but after two or three years, having decided to follow his father’s calling, he was entered at Bristol Baptist College. Here he took a five years’ Divinity course, with Arts classes at Bristol University College (now Bristol University); here too, he first became interested in Mission work in China.

In January, 1883, he became minister of the Baptist Church at Totnes, Devon. His brief but happy ministry there came to an end in June, 1884, owing to the fact that the Baptist Missionary Society had asked for fourteen volunteers for China. The young minister offered himself and was accepted: his people regretfully acknowledged the prior claims of the Mission field, learned to regard him as their representative inpartibusinfidelium, and lovingly kept his name on the church roll all his life.

He arrived in China in December, 1884, and was designated to Ch’ing Chou foo in Shantung, where — after studying the language — he was put in charge of a newly-established Boarding School. The boys were picked boys and all from Christian families; all instruction was in Chinese, English not being taught at all. For those were early days.

He soon realized that for his work’s sake as well as his own, he ought to have a degree; and after using any leisure he could get from other work and other studies in the field, and utilizing two furloughs in the necessary preparation, he graduated M.A. of Edinburgh in 1902. As far as the University syllabus permitted, he chose the subjects suitable for his work in China; and he also did a good deal towards his B.Sc. and LL.B. degrees, one or both of which he intended to take on his third furlough. Circumstances, however, prevented this. About 1904, important changes were made in the educational policy of the Mission, which did not commend themselves to him; and after two or three years’ work under the new conditions, he felt it wise to resign. It was about this time that he was twice offered the Principalship of Shansi University, which honour he declined on the ground that he wished if possible to remain with his Mission. He resigned finally from the B.M.S. in 1908; and this was one of the greatest sorrows of his life.

He then removed to Shanghai, where he was for some years tutor in a well-known family. In 1914-16 he was Hon. Sec. of the Royal Asiatic Society (North China Branch) and editor of its Journal. During this period he perceived the lack of a general book of reference as to things Chinese in the R.A.S. or any other library, and set to work to collect material for such a book. The result was theEncyclopaediaSinicawhich was published in 1917, and was awarded the Prix Stanislas Julien in 1919. In the Preface it is said, “It is the framework on which a more complete and worthier encyclopaedia may be elaborated,” and the Editor always hoped to bring out a second edition, for which he had considerable material in hand.

In 1919, though in poor health, he accepted the Acting Principalship of Medhurst College, Shanghai (L.M.S.), and rejoiced at being back in Mission work; but at the close of the year, a severe illness compelled him to resign. In the same year he stared theNewChinaReview.

In 1920, he accepted the invitation of the Shanghai Municipal Council to complete the History of Shanghai (in 3 vols.) left unfinished by the late Mr. George Lanning. Unfortunately only the second volume was completed at Mr. Couling’s death. This took place at Shanghai on June 15, 1822 at the age of 62.

He became a member of the R.A.S. (N.C.B.) in 1894; was its representative at the International Zoological Conference at Graz, in 1910; was, as we have said, Secretary, and Editor of its Journal for several years; was made an Honorary Member in 1918, and was one of the Society’s Vice-Presidents at the time of his death.

He was by nature retiring and reserved; and those traits were accentuated by the nature of the rare and distressing complaint — an esophageal diverticulum — which after many years of increasing misery at last caused his death, so that he was not widely known in a social sense; but one of his greatest joys in later years was the fellowship of the learned and generous men of many lands who helped in theEncyclopaedia, and made theNewChinaReviewpossible.

Ever modest about his own abilities and attainments, one of his latest wishes — oft-repeated — was that there might be “no eulogies,” and this wish his friends feel bound to respect. It may be said, however, that by his courageous fight with physical weakness, and his determination to work as long as any strength was left, those who knew him often reminded of Robert Louis Stevenson, whom in features also he strongly resembled.

The portrait we offer as frontispiece, was taken about 1911, and represents him as his friends like best to recall him, — before the physical misery of his later years left its mark on his frame.

Most people will know him as the versatile compiler of theEncyclopaediaSinica; sinologues will remember the plucky editor of theNewChinaReview; but his best memorial is in the characters and lives of certain Chinese whom he taught and guided unostentatiously but thoroughly during the best time of his life, — the twenty odd years he spent in a sleepy, sweet old city in the interior of Shantung.

He is survived by his wife (who at his desire, writes this brief sketch) and by one son and one daughter.

猜你喜欢

學院山東甲骨
《阳光一角》
《让爱包围艾》
字溯甲骨∙文承龙韵
Long A Sounds
黄河科技學院
说甲骨新缀所见的“南孟”与“奠子方”
甲骨释字四则
왕유 ( 王維)—음력 9 월 9 일 , 고향의 형제를 그리며(九月九日憶山東兄弟)
天堂学院
西行学院