In Commemoration of 40 Years Since China’s Reform and Opening-up Policy

文／罗伯特·戴克尔 译／张群群

【编者按】2018年是中国改革开放40周年，本刊从本期起特别推出系列文章，以作纪念。

1中国社会科学院财经战略研究院研究员，中国社会科学院研究生院教授、博士生导师。出版《论交易组织及其生成和演变》（专著）、《全球失衡与布雷顿森林的教训》（译著）、《反垄断经济学》（合译）等。

China’s growth and economic reform since the late 1970s has been spectacular, with average GDP growth reaching around 9.7 percent from 1978 to 2016. In the last 40 years, China went from a poor developing country to a nation with the world’s second largest economy. It will have the highest GDP in the world—exceeding that in the US—in the next decade or so.

[2] In 1978, China faced a difficult situation both in domestic and abroad. It is under this situation that China started its domestic reform and implemented household contract responsibility system in the agricultural sector, a wise decision. After the reforms, household farm-

自20世纪70年代末以来，中国实施了引人注目的经济改革，实现了惊人的经济增长。从1978年到2016年，中国平均每年的国内生产总值（GDP）增长率达到9.7%左右。在过去40年里，中国从一个贫穷的发展中国家成长为世界第二大经济体。约十年后，其GDP规模将超越美国，成为世界头号经济大国。

[2] 1978年的中国内外交困。恰恰是在这样的处境下，中国开启了国内改革，在农业部门推行了家庭承包责任制，这是个明智的决策。改革后，ing replaced collective farming. With the more efficient farming system, farmers could now claim more output if they put in more efforts. The result was an enormous jump in agricultural output.

[3] The increased agricultural productivity meant that workers had more time to work in local rural enterprises, providing goods and services for the local and regional economies. Rural enterprises boomed, forti fi ed2fortify加强，强化。by increasing income of farm households, and rising supplies of agricultural workers and inputs.

[4] Encouraged by the explosive growth in agriculture and in rural industry, government officials pushed reform of urban State-owned enterprises (SOEs).Initially, owing to the unemployment problem that SOEs reform will cause,SOE reform was gradual. However,starting in the mid-1990s, reform moved quickly apace3apace迅速地，急速地。.

[5] Starting in the late 1980s, there was also growth in the private, non-State sector. Millions of villagers migrated to rural and urban industries.There was rapid growth in the service sector as tens of millions responded to price signals and established restaurants, private schools, stores and motorcycle repair shops.

[6] Stimulated by the expansion of markets, labor mobility and price liberalization, China’s economy rapidly家庭农业取代了集体农业。借助于这种更有效率的农耕制度，农民们如果投入更多的努力，就能得到更多的产出。其结果就是农产品产量猛增。

[3]农业生产率的增长意味着劳动者有更多时间在当地的乡镇企业里做工，为地方和区域经济提供商品和服务。农民家庭收入的增长和农民工与投入品供应的增加，支撑了乡镇企业的蓬勃发展。

[4]农业和乡村工业实现了突飞猛进的增长，政府官员受到鼓舞，推行了城市国有企业的改革。最初，由于国企改革会造成失业问题，国有企业的改革进展缓慢。然而，从1990年代中期开始，改革很快高速推进。

[5] 1980年代末开始，私人部门即非国有部门也有了增长。数百万乡村居民转移到乡镇工业和城市工业中。因为数千万人响应价格信号，开办餐馆、私立学校、商店和摩托车修理店，服务部门增长迅速。

[6]在市场扩大、劳动力流动和价格放开的刺激下，中国经济很快迈向国际化。此外，中国充分意识到日本和韩国通moved towards internationalization. Besides, China was quite aware of the success Japan and South Korea have had through international trade and wanted to emulate them.

[7] Internationalization started from the Guangdong and Fujian provinces,and four special economic zones were established in these provinces. Close to Hong Kong and Taiwan, the special economic zones enticed4entice吸引。many Hong Kong and Taiwan entrepreneurs to strengthen businesses with Chinese mainland, to take advantage of the lower labor and land costs. In turn, these entrepreneurs provided capital, management, technical expertise and international connections.

[8] China’s cities rose along the coast,where foreign direct investment and import-export trade saw an increase.Western firms moved in to these cities along the coast, allowing deep integration between local Chinese businesses and Western technology and business practices.

[9] Chinese businesses learned a lot from these Western businesses and from each other, as competition among Chinese companies intensi fi ed. It was only a matter of time that overseas travel and study, and thereby information about cutting edge ways of doing business permeated deeply into the Chinese pri-过国际贸易所获得的成功，想要效法它们。

[7]国际化从广东和福建两省开始，在这两个省份设立了四个经济特区。由于邻近中国香港和台湾，这些经济特区吸引了许多港台企业家，他们为了利用廉价的劳动力和土地，加强了与中国大陆的商业联系。反过来，这些企业家则提供了资本、管理技能、专业技术和国际联系。

[8]中国的城市沿着海岸线拔地而起，外商直接投资和进出口贸易在这些地区有所增长。西方企业迁入这些沿海城市，使当地企业与西方技术和商业惯例得以深度整合。

[9]中国企业向这些西方企业学了很多，而且，随着中国企业之间的竞争加剧，它们彼此也学到了不少东西。出国旅游和留学，以及由此获得的有关最新经营方式的信息，深深地渗透到中国私有经济中，只是时间问题。因为国内居民收入增长，对消费品的需求也在增长。这导致了国内市场的茁壮成长，而企业家们渴望去满足这个市场，阿里巴巴成交额的惊人增长就是个典型的例

〔〕〔〕vate economy. As domestic household incomes grew, so did the demand for consumer products. It leads to a thriving domestic market that entrepreneurs were eager to satisfy, as exempli fi ed by the staggering growth in Alibaba sales.

[10] What then should China do for the next 40 years? As mentioned at the outset, in a decade or so, China will become the world’s largest economy.Much like the US was in the previous 40 years, in the next 40 years, China must evolve to become the engine of global growth. I am con fi dent that China can make this transition. ■证。

[10]之后，中国应当为接下来的40年做些什么呢？正如开篇所提到的，约10年之后，中国将成为世界最大的经济体。就像美国在此前40年里所做的一样，在此后40年里，中国必定发展成为全球增长的引擎。我坚信，中国能够成功实现这个转型。 □