定语从句考查的那些要点
2018-11-06籍万杰
籍万杰
定语从句是高考语法填空题和短文改错题的重要考点。本文通过研读高考试题,梳理出定语从句的常见考点,希望能对广大考生有所帮助。
考点一:关系代词引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语时,考生要使用关系代词引导定语从句。指人用who(宾格用whom)或that,指物用which或that。作定语时,不管指人还是指物,都用whose引导。
例1 The little problems____we meet in ourdaily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
解析:填that/which。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词prob-lems,且从句中缺少宾语,应使用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。
例2 I live next door to a couple____childrenoften make a lot of noise.
解析:填whose。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是定语从句,先行词a couple在定语从句中作定语,故填whose引导定语从句,意思是“这对夫妇的”。
点拨:
1.只用which不用that的情况:引导非限制性定语从句时,直接放在介词后作宾语时。
2.只用that不用which的情况:当先行词是all.few, much, little, none, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词或被其修饰时;当先行词被the very,theonly,the same等修饰时;当先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,next)等修饰时;当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时:当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。
考点二:关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中主干齐全,根据句意先行词在定语从句中作状语时,考生要使用关系副词when,why或where。
例3 Pahlsson and her husband now think the ringprobably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and wasspread over the garden, 64 it remained until the car-rot's leafy top accidentally sprouted(长)through it.
解析:填where。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是定语从句,先行词是the garden。定语从句中主干齐全,根据句意缺少地点状语,故填where。
例4 We will put off the picnic in the park untilnext week,____the weather may be better.
解析:填when。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是定语从句,先行词是next week.定语从句中主干齐全,缺少时间状语,故填关系副词when。
点拨:
有时先行词不是表示具体的地点,而是模糊化的地点。如:
We have reached a point where a change is needecl.
He got into a situation where it is hard to decidewhat is right and wrong.
考點三:关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中,as和which可指代整个主句,也可以代替主句的一部分内容,相当于andthis或and that。
例5 Like anything,it is possible to have toomuch of both ,70 is not good for the health.
解析:填which。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句。此处指代前句内容,且在从句中作主语,故填关系代词which。
点拨:
关系代词as与which引导的非限制性定语从句,都可以指代整个主句。但是,as和which具有不同的词义、句法和用法。
1.as引导的从句表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论。as有“正如”“像”“由……可知”等意思,as引导的从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。如:
The famous magician Liu Qian,as we all know,isfrom Taiwan.
As is often the case ,girls like dolls while boys likeguns.
2.which引导的从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,表明事情的状态或结果。which常译为“这一点,这件事”等,它引导的从句位置不像as那样灵活,只能位于主句的后面。如:
He changed his mind again,which made us all an-gry.
3.当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或含有复合宾语时,一般用which而不用as。如:
He pretended not to know me,which I didn't un-derstand.
考点四:“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,考生往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前,构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom/whose)”结构。
例6 Many young people, most of____werewell-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.
解析:填whom。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,两个逗号之间是非限制性定语从句。先行词是人,应填whom,构成“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。
例7 Scientists have advanced many theoriesabout why human beings cry tears,none of____hasbeen proved.
解析:填which。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是定语从句,先行词是theories,在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故填which。
点拨:
对于“介词+关系代词”结构的使用,重点是要弄清其中的介词如何确定。归纳起来,有以下几种方法:
1.根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词:
2.根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词:
3.根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词:
4.根据句意来确定介词的使用。
考点五:定语从句中的主谓一致
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词的数应与先行词保持一致。
例8 The publication of Great Expectations,which____both widely reviewed and highly praised,strengthened Dickens' status as aleading novelist.
A.iS B.are
C.was D.were
解析:選C。关系代词which代替先行词GreatExpectations在定语从句中作主语。由于Great Expec-tations是书名,看作单数,所以定语从句中的谓语动词应使用单数形式。再根据主句谓语动词strength-ened可知,应使用一般过去时,故选C。
点拨:
在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句谓语动词用复数;但之前有the only等修饰语时,从句谓语动词用单数。如:
Mary is the only one of the students in our schoolwho has ever been to China.