乌拉圭艺术：飞翔着色彩鲜丽飞鸟的河流

2018-09-20陈思静CHENSijing

艺术交流 2018年2期

文本刊记者陈思静 CHEN Sijing

乌拉圭——Uruguay，在当地土著语言里的意思是“飞翔着色彩鲜丽飞鸟的河流”，这个与中国远隔重洋的热情国度，其天涯之遥为我们的想象、猜测罩上了朦胧的神秘感。2018年恰逢中华人民共和国和乌拉圭东岸共和国建交30周年，由中国美术馆、乌拉圭前哥伦布土著艺术博物馆和乌拉圭驻华大使馆共同主办的“乌拉圭的瓜拉尼艺术展”于4月20日至5月5日在中国美术馆举行，多个维度展现了乌拉圭多元、悠久的历史沿革和独树一帜的文明特征。

展览主要展出17世纪以来的乌拉圭的瓜拉尼艺术。瓜拉尼人是15世纪西班牙和葡萄牙在南美洲建立殖民统治之前，居住在南美洲的主要原住民族群，今天分布在乌拉圭、巴拉圭、巴西和阿根廷各地。瓜拉尼人在乌拉圭是最为主要的土著族群，是今天乌拉圭人口主要的组成部分，也是目前乌拉圭领土上唯一保留其原住民生活习俗的族群。乌拉尼人善于制作手工艺品，他们通过风格质朴的手工制品，传达朴素的原始信仰。

精美别致的彩色木雕柱子，色彩鲜艳、以几何图案装饰的编筐，用南瓜、种子、羽毛串成的项链，造型独特又别具民族特色的皮革雕塑……展览分为瓜拉尼巴洛克艺术、乌拉圭的姆比亚-瓜拉尼人民间艺术、乌拉圭的当代民间艺术三个部分，云集了来自乌拉圭全国博物馆、私人收藏家、机构、匠人和姆比亚-瓜拉尼群体的158件（套）瓜拉尼人的手工制品，包括巴洛克-瓜拉尼风格雕塑18件、马黛茶具12件（套）、传统姆比亚-瓜拉尼民俗艺术作品43件（套）、乌拉圭当代民俗艺术85件（套）（包括日常用品、服装和配饰等），立体展现瓜拉尼人的民间艺术传统及其当代转化。

马黛茶容器（18世纪至今）Container of Mate Tea (18th century to the present)

Uruguay, in the local indigenous language means "rivers with flying colorful birds, is an ardent country separated from China by oceans and its distant horizons are covered with mystery through our imagination and speculation.The year of 2018 marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. The "Guarani Art Exhibition of Uruguay" co-organized by the National Art Museum of China,the Pre-Columbian Museum of Uruguay and the Uruguayan Embassy in China was held at the China Art Museum from April 20th to May 5th, demonstrating Uruguay's diverse, long history and unique civilization via multiple dimensions.

The exhibition mainly shows Guarani art of Uruguay since the 17thcentury. The Guarani were the main group of indigenous people who lived in South America before the establishment of colonial rule in South America in the 15thcentury by Spain and Portugal.Today they are distributed throughout Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil,and Argentina.Guaraní is the most important indigenous group in Uruguay. As the major part of Uruguay’s population today, it is the only ethnic group in the country that currently retains its indigenous customs. They are good at making arts and crafts,conveying their plain primitive beliefs through simple handmade products.

Exquisite and unique colored wooden pillars, colorful baskets decorated with geometric patterns, necklaces made of pumpkins, seeds and feathers, leather sculptures with unique shapes and national characteristics...The exhibition is divided into such three parts as the Guarani Baroque art, the Umbra Mbia-Guarani people's folk art, and Uruguay's contemporary folk art, bringing together 158 pieces (sets) of Guarani handicrafts of the group from Uruguayan national museum, private collectors,institutions, tradesmen, and Mbia-Guarani groups, including 18 Baroque-Guarani style sculptures, 12 Mate tea sets, and 43 pieces of traditional Mbia-Guarani folk art works (sets), 85 pieces (sets) of Uruguay contemporary folk art (including daily necessities, clothing and accessories, etc.), displaying Guarani folk art tradition and its contemporary transformation in a threedimensional manner.

带孩子的圣母像（18世纪彩色木雕）Madonna with children (18th century colored woodcarving)

守护天使（18世纪彩色木雕）Guardian angel (18th century colored woodcarving)

圣罗克（17至18世纪彩色木雕）Saint-Roch(17th to 18th century colored woodcarving)

大篮子（2017-2018年编织篮筐）Large basket (2017-2018 woven basket)

受欧洲传教士的影响，瓜拉尼人创作了大量具有鲜明瓜拉尼人审美样式的宗教人物形象，被称为瓜拉尼巴洛克风格。但随着18世纪中后期耶稣会的衰落，这种用于游行和节日庆典之用的木雕塑像，也随之被毁坏和遗弃。现在存世数量很少，只有在博物馆和一些瓜拉尼人的家庭中，才能偶尔找到它们的踪迹。

Influenced by European missionaries, Guaraní has created a large number of religious figures with distinctive Guarani aesthetic styles, known as the Guarani Baroque style.However, with the decline of the Jesuits in the mid-18thcentury,the wooden sculptures used for demonstrations and festival celebrations were also destroyed and abandoned, showing most few existence in numbers worldwide, which can be found only at museums and some Guarani families occasionally.

洗衣妇（18世纪彩色木雕）Laundry woman (18th century colored wood carving)

姆比亚-瓜拉尼人是乌拉圭现存的瓜拉尼原住民中的一支。姆比亚-瓜亚瓜拉尼人的艺术是人人参与的，不同年龄的男女都参与制作纯手工制品，用于各种日常活动，包括仪式庆典和贸易买卖。展览展出的姆比亚-瓜拉尼人的手工制品种类繁多：装饰独一无二的编筐，形象生动的美洲豹、乌龟、猫头鹰、巨嘴鸟等软木雕刻的动物，以及风铃、项链等。

Mbia-Guarani is one of the existing Guarani aborigines in Uruguay. Their art illustrates comprehensive participation of these people. Men and women of all ages participate in the production of handmade products for a variety of daily activities, including ceremonial celebrations and trading. The exhibits by Mbia-Guarani people feature a wide range of hand-made products: decorated with exclusively-design woven baskets, lively cork-carved animals, such as jaguars,turtles, owls, toucans, and wind chimes, and necklaces amongst others.

乌拉圭的当代民间艺术在一定程度上传承了瓜拉尼传教士的巴洛克艺术风格，也沿袭了16至20世纪该地区手工制造的传统。展览展出的手工艺术品独具特色，在材质和制作工艺上尤为明显，其手工制品以木料树皮、皮革、南瓜、金属为载体，涉及雕刻、浮雕、编织、针织和印染工艺。它们是当代乌拉圭流行艺术的代表，曾在不同领域获得国家工艺奖。

Uruguay’s contemporary folk art has, to some extent,inherited the Baroque style of Guarani’s missionaries,and also followed the tradition of handmade in the region from the 16thto the 20thcentury. The hand-carved art exhibited at the event is very unique, particularly evident in materials and production processes. Its handmade products are made of wood bark, leather, pumpkin and metal as carriers,involving engraving, embossing, weaving, knitting and dyeing. They are representatives of contemporary Uruguayan pop art,winning great national craft prizes in various fields.