雍容华贵 神仙中人
2018-08-29小样
小样
Zhao Mengfu was the 11th generation descendant of Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty (960-1279). After the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) died out, he began to serve for the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) with a smooth official career and in his old age was awarded very high position in office and gained renowned reputation. Being successful in his official career, however, he was regarded as a truly treacherous official by righteous men. In particular, he was reviled due to serving for the Yuan Dynasty as a descendant of the Song Dynasty. But Zhao was considered as one of the four greatest Kai calligraphy masters in the Chinese calligraphy field, gaining the worship of by later generations.
今人提起趙孟頫,无不高山仰止,殊不知他也曾度过一段黑暗时期。那时候没人喜欢他、喜欢他的字,说起他的书法作品,竟全是恶语相向,以否定其在书法史上的地位。
赵孟頫为宋太祖赵匡胤十一世孙,秦王德芳之后。南宋灭亡后,他回故乡闲居。后元世祖忽必烈搜罗天下俊才,有人将其上荐,忽必烈竟惊呼其为“神仙中人”。从此,以宋室遗逸的身份入仕元廷的赵孟頫一路仕途平坦,平步青云,晚年时“官居一品,名满天下”。
然而,赵孟頫虽然官场得意,在正义之士眼中确是个不折不扣的“贰臣”。尤其他以宋朝宗室的身份仕敌,遭受的唾骂更甚。有史料记载,宋亡后,赵孟頫堂兄、与其同为书画大家的赵孟坚对其闭门不纳,甚为鄙视,待其走后还命人清洗他坐过的地方,由此兄弟情绝。赵孟坚以善画兰著称,其笔下墨兰清冷孤高,正如其人品之正直、不屈;而相形之下,赵孟頫那丰腴、流婉的字体则被人鄙为谄媚、无骨,字无骨而人亦无骨,世人“薄其人遂薄其书”。
事实上,文人赵孟頫并没有多么奸恶,除了仕元,他一生从未作恶。相反,从他与友人的诗词通信中,倒可见其对所处境况的矛盾与挣扎。因为不算坏人,所以其实在赵孟頫身后的很长一段时间,大家对他的书作还是较为宽容的,赞誉有加,争相宝之。
直到明朝晚期,大概因为受到满族的威胁,使人回忆起当初元蒙统治的历史,逐渐出现了贬抑赵孟頫其人其书的文人。项穆在《书法雅言》中说:“若夫赵孟頫之书,温润闲雅,似接右军正脉之传,妍媚纤柔,殊乏大节不夺之气。所以天水之裔,甘心仇敌之禄也。”傅山说赵孟頫“只缘学问不正,遂流软美一途”,加之他提出的“宁拙毋巧,宁丑毋媚,宁支离毋轻滑,宁真率毋安排”这“四宁四毋”,更是对赵氏书风的极大否定。
然而,真金不怕火炼,细察赵书,笔画圆润,结体优美,气息平和,透着一股华美、富丽的色彩,沿袭“二王”一脉而秀美、典雅更过之。联系其一生衣食无忧的富足生活,书写出雍容华贵的书作也就不足为怪了。清代鼎盛时期的乾隆皇帝就非常喜欢赵孟頫,盖因其字有着非凡的盛世气象。
傅山有句评论一直被人断章取义,即“予极不喜赵子昂,薄其人遂恶其书”,其实这句话并没有说完,后面是“近细视之,亦未可厚非,熟媚绰约,自是贱态,润秀圆转,尚属正脉。盖自兰亭内稍变而至此,与时高下,亦由气运,不独文章然也”,也算最终肯定了赵孟頫的成就。
时至今日,颜柳欧赵依然是人们顶礼膜拜的楷书四大家,学赵并不比学颜格调低。1987年,国际天文学会以赵孟頫的名字命名了水星环形山,以纪念他对人类文化所做出的贡献。