古琉璃作坊遗址：跨越时空，记录历史

1982年11月,山东博山发生了一件重大的考古事件。这一事件,甚至惊动了故宫博物院琉璃研究资深专家——杨伯达亲自前来指导考察。在经过严谨细致的论证之后,专家们认定该遗址为国内已发现的最早的古琉璃作坊遗址。

位于博山区大街北首路西的博山第一百货商店大楼基建工地上，一处古琉璃作坊遗址被发现并得以及时清理。由于该遗址地处市中心，且为抢救式发掘，当时清理的范围仅限于博山第一百货大楼403平方米左右的地槽范围。这次发掘共发现大炉1座、小炉21座。大炉的用途是将矿石熔化成琉璃液，小炉则是每座生产一种产品，其产品主要为簪、珠、环等。

从平面上看，遗址地槽呈南北走向，分割为三条约为42米的纵向长沟，分别为东沟、中沟和西沟；从深度上看，整个遗址文化层的厚度在2.8米左右，自上而下分为三层。由于地槽东沟北端东壁上的文化层较为明显，因此将其作为典型进行剖析介绍。

第一层为近现代扰乱层。灰褐土，质地疏松，厚度30-50厘米,主要出土青花瓷片和近现代建筑残渣、砖瓦。

第二层为琉璃作坊遗址文化层。黄褐土，质地致密，杂有红烧土块，遗迹有琉璃炉炉底、石砌墙基，而遗物有瓷器、玻璃器、玻璃料、料条、玻璃原料，坩埚等炉具，以及“洪武通宝”铜钱一枚。根据遗迹、遗物的特点和这一枚“洪武通宝”铜钱,专家初步认定该遗址年代应为元末明初。

第三层为金元文化层。浅褐色土，质地较硬，厚60-65厘米。出土遗物有瓷器、瓷窑窑具和“开元通宝”“政和通宝”“至和元宝”“元□□宝”铜钱各一枚。开元,为唐玄宗时的年号；政和,为宋徽宗时的年号；至和,为宋神宗时的年号；以元字开头的年号,在宋、金、元时有多位皇帝使用过。

从这次琉璃作坊遗址的挖掘与发现中，专家们分析指出，就该遗址的生产规模、产品质量及技术水平而言，博山琉璃生产的历史比该遗址所反映的年代要更早。这对博山当地陶琉行业的发展具有十分重要的意义，这个遗址不仅为博山是“中国琉璃起源地”的说法提供了充分的证据，更让“中国琉璃之乡”的称号实至名归。

编辑/郭蓓蓓

○出土古代琉璃原料3件。Three pieces of ancient colored glaze material unearthed.

○出土古代坩埚残片。Ancient crucible piece unearthed.

○ 古琉璃作坊遗址位置示意图。Location Map of the Ancient Colored Glaze Workshop Site.

In November 1982, a major archaeological event occurred in Boshan, Shandong. An ancient colored glaze workshop site was discovered and immediately cleaned up at the construction site of Boshan 1st Department Store Building, West Beishou Road, Boshan District Street.In the excavation, 1 big furnace and 21 small furnaces in total were found. The big furnace was used to melt ore into colored glaze liquid; each small furnace was used to produce a certain product.Such products mainly include hairpins,beads and rings.

For the excavation and discovery of the workshop site, experts analyzed it and indicated that considering the production scale, product quality and technological level of this workshop site,the colored glaze production history of Boshan might be earlier than the age reflected by it. It is of great significance for the ceramic and colored glaze industries of Boshan. This site not only provides sufficient evidence for the statement that Boshan is the “place of origin of colored glaze in China”, but also enables the title of “Land of Chinese Colored Glaze” to match the reality.