好文章如何开头?
2018-08-14ByTracyKidder&RichardTodd
By Tracy Kidder & Richard Todd
莫言獲得诺贝尔文学奖的功勋译者葛浩文(Howard Goldblatt)曾经批评中国作家普遍写不好开头;英文小说有不少出色的开头,如《白鲸记》、《双城记》,相较之下,中文小说很难找到这么脍炙人口的第一句,大部分“一开始就是长篇大论,不是介绍一个地方就是把开头写得好像是学术著作的序文”,对他国读者来说缺乏吸引力。这话听起来很尖锐,可是盘点中国当代文学,确实拿不大出像《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《傲慢与偏见》、《变形记》、《百年孤独》、《洛丽塔》那样令全世界无数读者为之着迷的经典开场白。
如何第一时间走进读者,一键启动他们头脑里理性启迪和感性愉悦的开关,对于全体作家和日常生活中的写作者而言,既是难题,也是诱惑。山穷水尽之际,不妨暂时从自我怀疑和胶着中走出来,在普利策奖获奖作家Tracy Kidder和《大西洋月刊》资深编辑Richard Todd的引领下,看看《白鲸记》、《冷血》、《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》、《说吧,记忆》是怎么开头的,听听《风格要素》给出了什么写作建议。在伟大的英语作家笔下,我们经常感受到一种从容和宁静的气质,一种平实明晰之美。赫尔曼·梅尔维尔,杜鲁门·卡波蒂,乔治·奥威尔,弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫,E. B. 怀特……这些风格大师的行文,在平易朴素的语言外表下,蕴含丰富的暗示性和情感召唤力,闪耀着洁净而生动的内在光辉。记住:好文章未必都有华美的“凤头”,朴实的开头同样可以让读者产生共鸣。
To write is to talk to strangers. You want them to trust you. You might well begin by trusting them—by imagining for the reader an intelligence at least equal to the intelligence you imagine for yourself. No doubt you know some things that the reader does not know (why else presume to write?), but it helps to grant that the reader has knowledge unavailable to you.1 This isnt generosity; it is realism. Good writing creates a dialogue between writer and reader, with the imagined reader at moments questioning, criticizing, and sometimes, you hope, assenting2. What you “know” isnt something you can pull from a shelf and deliver. What you know in prose is often what you discover in the course of writing it, as in the best of conversations with a friend—as if you and the reader do the discovering together.
Writers are told that they must “grab” or“hook” or “capture” the reader. But think about these metaphors. Their theme is violence and compulsion3. They suggest the relationship you might want to have with a criminal, not a reader. Montaigne4 writes: “I do not want a man to use his strength to get my attention.”
Beginnings are an exercise in limits. You cant make the reader love you in the first sentence or paragraph, but you can lose the reader right away. You dont expect the doctor to cure you at once, but the doctor can surely alienate you at once, with brusqueness or bravado or indifference or confusion.5 There is a lot to be said for the quiet beginning.
The most memorable first line in American literature is“Call me Ishmael.”6 Three words, four beats. The sentence is so well known that sometimes, cited out of context, it is understood as a magisterial command, a booming voice from the pulpit.7 It is more properly heard as an invitation8, almost casual, and, given the complexity that follows, it is marvelously simple. If you try it aloud, you will probably find yourself saying it rather softly, conversationally.
Many memorable essays, memoirs, and narratives reach dramatic heights from such calm beginnings. In Cold Blood is remembered for its transfixing and frightening account of two murderers and their victims,9 and it might have started in any number of dramatic ways. In fact, it starts with a measured10 descriptive passage:
The village of Holcomb stands on the high wheat plains of western Kansas, a lonesome area that other Kansans call “out there.” Some seventy miles east of the Colorado border, the countryside, with its hard blue skies and desert-clear air, has an atmosphere that is rather more Far West than Middle West.
Although a bias toward the quiet beginning is only a bias, a predisposition, it can serve as a useful check on overreaching.11 Some famous beginnings, of course, have been written as grand propositions (“All happy families are alike...”) or sweeping overviews (“It was the best of times ...”).12 These rhetorical gestures display confidence in the extreme, and more than a century of readers have followed in thrall.13 Expansiveness is not denied to anyone, but it is always prudent to remember that one is not Tolstoy or Dickens and to remember that modesty can resonate, too.14 Call me Ishmael.
Meek or bold,15 a good beginning achieves clarity. A sensible line threads through the prose; things follow one another with literal logic or with the logic of feeling.16 Clarity isnt an exciting virtue, but it is a virtue always, and especially at the beginning of a piece of prose. Some writers—some academics and bureaucrats and art critics, for instance—seem to resist clarity, even to write confusingly on purpose. Not many would admit to this. One who did was the wonderful-though-not-to-beimitated Gertrude Stein:17 “My writing is clear as mud but mud settles and the clear stream runs on and disappears.”Oddly, this is one of the clearest sentences she ever wrote.
For many other writers, writers in all genres, clarity simply falls victim to a desire to achieve other things, to dazzle with style or to bombard with information.18 With good writing the reader enjoys a doubleness of experience, succumbing to19 the story or the ideas while also enjoying the writers artfulness. Indeed, one way to know that writing deserves to be called art is the coexistence of these two pleasures in the readers mind. But it is one thing for the reader to take pleasure in the writers achievements, another when the writers own pleasure is apparent. Skill, talent, inventiveness, all can become overbearing and intrusive.20 And this is especially true at the beginnings of things. The image that calls attention to itself is often the image you can do without. The writer works in service of story and idea, and always in service of the reader.
Sometimes the writer who overloads an opening passage is simply afraid of boring the reader. A respectable anxiety, but nothing is more boring than confusion. In his introduction to The Elements of Style, E. B. White suggests that the reader is always in danger of confusion.21 The reader is “a man floundering in a swamp,”22 and it falls to the writer (whose swamp of course it is) to “drain this swamp quickly and get his man up on dry ground, or at least throw him a rope.”
Clarity doesnt always mean brevity, or simplicity. Take, for example, the opening of Vladimir Nabokovs23 memoir Speak, Memory:
The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness. Although the two are identical twins, man, as a rule, views the prenatal24 abyss with more calm than the one he is heading for (at some forty-five hundred heartbeats an hour). I know, however, of a young chronophobiac25 who experienced something like panic when looking for the first time at homemade movies that had been taken a few weeks before his birth. He saw a world that was practically unchanged—the same house, the same people—and then realized that he did not exist there at all and that nobody mourned his absence. He caught a glimpse of his mother waving from an upstairs window, and that unfamiliar gesture disturbed him, as if it were some mysterious farewell. But what particularly frightened him was the sight of a brand-new baby carriage standing there on the porch, with the smug, encroaching air of a coffin;26 even that was empty, as if, in the reverse course of events, his very bones had disintegrated.
There is nothing confusing about this paragraph, but it does invite us to engage with a sinuous27 idea, and it introduces an author who asks our fullest attention. He expects long thoughts from us. The invitation is clear and frank, and it is delivered with a shrug: accept it if you will.
You cant tell it all at once. A lot of the art of beginnings is deciding what to withhold until later, or never to say at all. Take one thing at a time. Prepare the reader, tell everything the reader needs to know in order to read on, and tell no more. Journalists are instructed not to “bury the lead” (or “lede,” in journalese)28—instructed, that is, to make sure they tell the most important facts of the story first. This translates poorly to longer forms of writing. The heart of the story is usually a place to arrive at, not a place to begin. Of course the reader needs a reason to continue, but the best reason is simply confidence that the writer is going someplace interesting. George Orwell begins Homage to Catalonia with a description of a nameless Italian militiaman whose significance is unknown to us, though we are asked to hear about him in some detail.29 At the end of a long paragraph of description, Orwell writes:
I hoped he liked me as well as I liked him. But I also knew that to retain my first impression of him I must not see him again; and needless to say I never did see him again. One was always making contacts of that kind in Spain.
It seems strange to begin a book with a character who vanishes at once, when the first few sentences suggest that we are meeting the books hero. In fact, the important character being introduced is the narrator, who seems a man of great particularity and mystery of temperament.30 We dont know much about him, and we want to know more. Were ready to follow him.
What happens when you begin reading a book or an essay or a magazine story? If the writing is at all interesting, you are in search of the author. You are imagining the mind behind the prose. Often that imagining takes a direct, even visceral31, form: who is this person? No matter how discreet or unforthcoming writers may be,32 they are present, and readers form judgments about them. Living in an age when authors hid behind the whiskers of third-person omniscience, Thoreau wrote: “We commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person that is speaking.”33 Readers today do commonly remember that. They may remember it to a fault.34 The wise writer, while striving to avoid selfconsciousness, remains aware of the readers probing eye.35
The contemporary author Francine du Plessix Gray offers a provocative way to imagine encounters between writer and reader: “A good writer, like a good lover, must create a pact of trust with the object of his/her seduction that remains qualified, paradoxically, by a good measure of uncertainty, mystery and surprise.”36 The heart of this advice, the tension between giving and withholding, identifies a narrative decision that faces all writers, though in emphasizing Eros37, Gray seems to overlook the true romance of writing. The“mystery and surprise” can be genuine, shared between writer and reader, rather than calculated.
One morning a piece of wisdom comes over National Public Radio, in an interview with a jazz guitarist who remembers working with the great Miles Davis.38 The guitarist recalls that Davis once advised him how to play a certain song: “Play it like you dont know how to play the guitar.” The guitarist admits that he had no idea what Davis meant, but that he then played the song better than he ever imagined he could. “Play it like you dont know how.” Cryptic39 advice, but a writer can make some sense of it: Dont concentrate on technique, which can be the same as concentrating on yourself. Give yourself to your story, or to your train of ideas,40 or to your memories. Dont be afraid to explore, even to hesitate. Be willing to surprise yourself.
And so there is trust of another kind at work. At some point you must trust yourself as a writer. You may not know exactly where you are going, but you have to set out, and sometimes, without calculation on your part, the reader will honor the effort itself. In Ghana41, once a British colony, where English remains the official but a second language, they have an interesting usage for the verb “try.”If a Ghanaian does something particularly well, he is often told, “You tried.” What might well be an insult in American English is high praise there, a recognition that purity of intention lies at the core of the achievement. The reader wants to see you trying—not trying to impress, but trying to get somewhere.
写作就是和陌生人交谈。你希望他们信任你。你最好一开始就信任他们,一开始就设想读者的聪明才智绝不逊色于你本人的聪明才智。当然了,你知道一些读者不知道的事儿(要不然何必擅自写作?),可是假定读者也拥有你所不知道的知识却很有帮助。这种态度不是抬举对方,而是现实主义。好文章在作家和读者之间创造了一种对话,假想的读者不时质疑你、批评你,有时也赞成你——你希望如此。你的“知识”并不是你可以从某个书架上抽出来,然后传达给读者的什么东西。你散文中表现出来的知识,经常是你在写作过程中的发现,正如和朋友的谈话进入佳境——就好像你和读者共同做出了这个发现。
作家被告知:他们必须“抓取”、“钩住”或者“捕获”读者。可是想想这些比喻吧。它们的主题无不是暴力和强制。它们所暗示的,是你可能想和罪犯而不是读者所保持的关系。蒙田写道:“我不想让别人用强势引起我的注意。”
开头是极限的练习。你不可能让读者读了第一句或者第一段就对你一见倾心,但是你可以一下子就失去读者。你不期望医生能立马治好你的病,可是如果医生粗鲁无礼、虚张声势、漠不关心或者不知所云,却肯定会马上让你感到疏远。关于平淡的开头,有好多可说的。
美国文学里最令人难以忘怀的一句开场白,是“叫我以实玛利”。三个单词,四个节拍。这个句子如此著名,以至于人们有时候会脱离语境加以引用,把它理解为一种威严的命令,一种发自布道坛的洪亮声音。倾听这种声音,把它理解为一种几乎是漫不经心的吸引更为恰当。尽管在文坛激起复杂的反响,这句话却可谓惊人地简单。如果试着高声朗诵,那么你很可能会发现自己相当柔和地、犹如谈话似地把它说出来。
许多令人难忘的随笔、回忆录和叙事文就是从这样平静的开头出发,达到戏剧性高潮。《冷血》最为人所铭记的,是对两名杀人犯及其受害者的令人目瞪口呆、毛骨悚然的记述。这本书本来可以用无数种戏剧性的方式开头。事实上,它的开头却是一段节奏舒缓的白描:
赫尔孔村坐落在西堪萨斯州海拔很高的小麦平原上,一个人迹稀少的地区,其他堪萨斯人会用“在那遥远的地方”来指称。这片乡野位于科羅拉多边境往东差不多七十英里,天空蔚蓝得刺目,空气清澈如荒漠,弥漫这一带的气氛与其说是中西部,不如说是更像拓荒时期的西部边疆。
尽管对平易开头的喜爱不过是一种偏好、一种秉性,却能对不自量力的开头起到有效的制止作用。当然了,一些著名的开场白被写成了气势恢宏的命题(“幸福的家庭都是相似的……”),或者高屋建瓴的总括(“这是最美好的时代……”)。这些张扬的行文姿态展示出极致的自信,一个多世纪以来,读者为之倾倒不已。你想高谈阔论谁也阻止不了,可是记住你既不是托尔斯泰也不是狄更斯,记住朴实的开头也可以让读者产生共鸣,总归是谨慎之举。叫我以实玛利。
内敛也好,张扬也罢,漂亮的开头必然清晰明朗。一条明显的线索贯串全文;遵循文字的逻辑或者感情的逻辑,文意渐次涌现。清晰并不是一种激动人心的美德,但总归是一种美德,尤其是在文章的开头。一些作者(比如一些大学教师、政府官员和艺术批评家)看来抗拒清晰,甚至有意把文章写得让人不知所云。没有多少人会承认这一点。有一个人承认了,那就是优秀却不可模仿的格特鲁德·斯泰因:“我的作品清晰如泥浆,可是泥浆沉淀下来,清流继续奔行,直至消失。”奇妙的是,这是她写过的最清晰的句子之一。
许多其他作家,各种文体的作家,却不惜牺牲清晰以实现其他欲望,他们用华丽的文风令读者目眩神迷,或者用海量的信息对读者狂轰滥炸。阅读好文章让读者享受到一种双重体验,一方面被故事或者观念所吸引,另一方面又在欣赏作家的艺术性。确实,要知道一篇作品是否称得上艺术品,一种检验方式就是,读者在头脑里同时并存这两种快感。可是,读者欣然享受作家的艺术成就是一回事,作家在作品里表现得沾沾自喜又是另外一回事。技巧、才能、独创性,所有这些都可能变得盛气凌人,富有侵略性。在文章的开头尤其如此。一味把注意力导向自身的艺术形象,在作品里往往是赘余的。作家的写作要为故事和观念服务,并且总是为读者服务。
有时候作家让一段开场白过度负重,仅仅是因为害怕会让读者感到厌烦。一种可敬的焦虑,可是不知所云才最让人厌烦。在《风格要素》的引言里,E. B. 怀特提出读者总是处于不知所云的危险当中。读者是“一个在沼泽里挣扎的人”,作家(当然就是沼泽的创造者)有责任“迅速排干这块沼泽,让此人登上干燥的地面,或者至少扔给他一段绳子。”
清晰并不总是意味着短小或者简单。以弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫的回忆录《说吧,记忆》的开场白为例:
摇篮在一座深渊的上方摇动,常识告诉我们,我们的存在不过是两段永恒的黑暗之间一闪即逝的光明裂缝。尽管这两者是同卵双胞胎,可是人们通常会更加沉着地看待出生前的深渊,而不是自己正在(以每小时大约四千五百次的心率)向之进发的那个。可是,我认识一位年轻的时间恐惧症患者,当第一次看到自己出生几个星期以前由家人拍摄的电影时,他体验到某种类似恐慌的感觉。他看到了一个几乎一成不变的世界——同样的住房,同样的人们——然后意识到在那里面自己根本就不存在,也没有人哀悼他的缺席。他瞥见母亲从楼上的一扇窗户里招手,那个陌生的手势让他心神不宁,犹如某种神秘的道别。可是特别让他感到惊恐的,是看到一辆崭新的四轮手推婴儿车直挺挺立在门廊那儿,带着一具棺材洋洋自得、侵蚀四周的神气;即使那个也是空洞的,就仿佛在事件的逆过程中,就连他的骨头都已经四分五裂。
这一段没有任何艰深晦涩的地方,可是确实吸引我们深入思考一个曲折的观念,并且引入了一位要求我们全神贯注的作者。他期待我们进行长时间的思考。这种吸引既清晰又坦率,伴随着一个耸肩动作被传达给读者:你要是愿意的话,就好好接受吧。
你不能一股脑儿什么都说出来。在很大程度上,开头的艺术就是决定什么东西一开始留着不说,晚些时候再说出来,或者干脆什么都不说。一次只处理一件事情。让读者做好准备,告诉他们为了继续读下去所必须知道的所有信息,可是顶多也就说这么多。新闻记者受到的教诲是,不要“埋葬头条新闻”(在文笔拙劣的新闻文体里,“lead”被拼写成“lede”)。换句话说,他们受到的教诲是,务必在新闻报道的一开头就说出最重要的事实。把这种教诲贯彻到篇幅更长的文体里,效果非常糟糕。故事的核心往往是一个需要到达的终点,而不是一个由此开始的起点。读者当然需要一个理由继续读下去,可是最好的理由不是别的,而是确信作家一定会抵达某个有趣的地方。乔治·奥威尔的《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》一开篇就描述了一位无名的意大利民兵,此人究竟有何意义我们不太清楚,可是文本要求我们倾听他的故事,一个比较详尽的故事。在一长段描述的末尾,奥威尔写道:
我喜欢他,希望他也同样喜欢我。可是我也知道,要保持我对他的第一印象,我必须不再见到他;不消说,我的确再也没有见过他。在西班牙,人们总是这么结交他人。
以一个马上消失不见的人物作为一本书的开头看来有些奇怪,因为开始几句话暗示我们正在遇到此书的主人公。事实上,文章开头引出的重要人物毋宁是叙事者,一位看来个性超凡、气质神秘的人物。我们不太了解他,我们渴望了解得更多。我们打定了主意要追随他。
当你开始阅读一本书、一篇随笔,或者一篇杂志特写的时候,到底发生了什么?如果作品多少让人产生兴趣的话,那么你在寻找作者。你在猜想隐藏在文章背后的那个头脑。这种猜想经常采用一种直截了当,甚至发自内心的形式:这个人究竟是谁?无论作家可能多么谨小慎微或者守口如瓶,他们都在场,读者对他们形成判断。生活在一个作者们隐藏在第三人称全知全觉的络腮胡子背后的时代,梭罗写道:“我们普遍不记得,归根结底,总是第一人称在说话。”今天的读者的确普遍牢记这个。他们可能牢记得过了头。聪明的作家一方面力求避免自我意识过于强烈,另一方面一直意识到读者探究的眼睛。
当代作者弗朗辛·杜·普莱西克斯·格雷把作家和读者之间的偶遇想象成一种情欲挑逗:“优秀的作家就好像优秀的情人,必须和他/她的诱惑对象缔造一份信任的契约。听似自相矛盾的是,这种契约一直生效,在很大程度上有赖于忐忑不安、神秘莫测和出乎意料。”这一建议的核心——给予和保留之间的张力——辨识出一种所有作家都要面对的叙事决定;不过,在强调性爱关系的同时,格雷看来忽视了写作真正的浪漫色彩。“神秘莫测和出乎意料”可以是发自内心的,由作家和读者分享,而不必是工于心计刻意营造的。
一天早上,全国公共广播电台访谈了一位爵士吉他手,他在回忆与伟大的迈尔斯·戴维斯共同工作的经历时,说出了一番格言。这位吉他手回想说,戴维斯曾经就如何演奏某首乐曲,向他提出忠告:“演奏的时候,就当自己是吉他菜鸟。”这位吉他手承认,当时他一点儿也不明白戴维斯说的是什么意思,可是从那以后,他演奏那首乐曲极其出彩,完全超出他自己的想象。“演奏的时候,就当自己是菜鸟。”费解的忠告,可是作家能够多少有所会心:不要一味关注技巧,这么做可能无异于一味关注你自己。专心致志于你的故事、你的思路,或者你的记忆。不要害怕探索,甚至犹疑。乐于让你自己感到惊奇。
所以,还有另外一种类型的信任在起作用。在某种程度上,你必须信任自己作为一位作家的能力。你可能并不确切知道自己在往什么方向走,可是必须启程。有时候,虽然你并没有精心策划,读者还是会尊重你付出的努力本身。在前英国殖民地加纳,英语仍然是法定语言,可是已经沦为第二位。那儿的人对于动词“尝试”有一种很有意思的用法。如果一个加纳人做某件事做得特别好,那么人们经常会对他说“你尝试了。”在美式英语里很可能带有侮辱性的一个词语,在此却是高度赞扬,承认了成就的精髓在于意图的纯粹。读者希望看到你尝试——不是尝试令人佩服,而是尝试有所进展。
1. presume: 冒昧,擅自(行事);grant: 承认。
2. assent: 同意,赞成。
3. compulsion: 强迫。
4. Michel de Montaigne : 蒙田(1533—1592),法国文艺复兴后期思想家、作家,以《随笔录》(Essais)三卷名垂后世。
5. alienate:(感情或思想上)使疏远;brusqueness: 粗鲁无礼;bravado:// 虚张声势,故作勇敢。
6. Ishmael: // 以实玛利,美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(Herman Melville, 1819—1891)的长篇小說代表作《白鲸记》(Moby-Dick, 1851)的叙事者和主人公,来源于《圣经·创世记》人物。
7. magisterial: // (行为或作品)权威的,有威严的;booming:(声音)洪亮的;pulpit:(教堂中的)讲坛,布道坛。
8. invitation: 吸引,诱惑。
9. In Cold Blood: 《冷血》,美国作家杜鲁门·卡波蒂(Truman Capote, 1924—1984)的代表作,1966年出版,被誉为“真实罪行”类非虚构文学的里程碑;transfix: 使惊呆,使动弹不得。
10. measured: 缓慢而有节奏的。
11. bias: 偏好,偏爱;predisposition: 倾向,秉性;overreach: 不自量力,因目标过高而失败。
12. proposition: 命题,观点;sweeping: 一概而论的;overview: 概观,总的看法。这两段引文,前者出自俄国文豪列夫·托尔斯泰(Leo Tolstoy, 1828—1910)长篇小说代表作《安娜·卡列尼娜》(Anna Karenina, 1877)的开场白:“幸福的家庭都是相似的,不幸的家庭各有各的不幸”,后者出自英国小说巨匠查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens, 1812—1870)长篇小说代表作《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities, 1859)的开场白:“这是最美好的时代,这是最糟糕的时代……”。
13. rhetorical: 文风华丽的,夸张的;in thrall:受奴役,被迷住。
14. expansiveness: 膨胀性;prudent: 审慎的;resonate: 有特殊意义,引起共鸣。
15. meek: 温顺的,驯服的;bold:放肆的,莽撞的。
16. sensible: 意识到的,能感觉到的;thread through: 小心翼翼地穿过;literal: 照字面的,原义的。
17. Gertrude Stein: 格特鲁德·斯泰因(1874—1946),旅居法国的美国女作家和现代主义艺术收藏家。其作品风格独特,试验意识流和有节奏的散文,意在唤起“纯粹存在的令人激动性”。
18. dazzle: 使目眩;使倾倒;bombard:(用炮火或炸弹)猛烈轰击。
19. succumb to: 屈从于,抵挡不住(诱惑或压力)。
20. overbearing: 傲慢的,盛气凌人的;intrusive: 侵扰的,唐突的。
21. E. B. White: 埃尔文·布鲁克斯·怀特(1899—1985),美国作家,其特具一格的散文奠定了影响深远的“《纽约客》文风”,小说《夏洛特的网》(Charlottes Web, 1952)屡次被列为最畅销的平装本儿童读物,与康奈尔老师小威廉·斯特伦克(William Strunk Jr.)合著的《风格要素》(The Elements of Style, 1959)是当代最具影响力的英语写作风格指南之一。
22. flounder:(在水里或泥沼里)挣扎,深陷困境;swamp: 沼泽。
23. Vladimir Nabokov: 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫(1899—1977),俄裔美国作家,以长篇小说《洛丽塔》(Lolita, 1955)闻名于世,回忆录《说吧,记忆》(Speak, Memory, 1951)被美国现代图书馆评为非虚构百部佳作第八名。
24. prenatal: 产前的,孕期的。
25. chronophobiac: 时间恐惧症患者,源自chronophobia(时间恐惧 )一词。
26. smug: 沾沾自喜的,自以为是的;encroaching: 侵蚀的,蚕食的。
27. sinuous: // 曲折的,蜿蜒的。
28. lead:(报纸、电视或电台的)头条,要闻;journalese: (文笔低劣的)新闻文体。
29. George Orwell: 乔治·奥威尔(1903—1950),20世纪最伟大的英国作家之一,著有反极权主义的政治寓言体小说《动物庄园》(Animal Farm, 1945)和《1984》(1949),亦以质朴明晰的散文风格名世。回忆录《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》(Homage to Catalonia, 1938)记述了奥威尔在西班牙内战时期的经历见闻。
30. particularity: 个性,癖性;temperament: 气质,性情。
31. visceral: // 发自内心的,发自肺腑的。
32. discreet: 谨慎的;unforthcoming:守口如瓶的,不愿意提供信息的。
33. omniscience: 无所不知;Henry David Thoreau: 亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817—1862),美国作家、哲学家,超验主义代表人物。此处引文出自梭罗的长篇散文名作《瓦尔登湖》(Walden, 1854)。
34. to a fault: 过度地。
35. self-consciousness: 自我意识;probing:探索的,寻根究底的。
36. Francine du Plessix Gray: 弗朗辛·杜·普莱西克斯·格雷(1930— ),美国作家、文学评论家,出版多部非虚构文学作品,自传获全美图书批评家协会奖。下文引语出自创作谈《文本的引诱》(The Seduction of the Text, 2003);pact: 合同,契约;paradoxically: 悖论地,自相矛盾地。
37. Eros: (希腊神话)爱神厄洛斯,性爱。
38. wisdom: 格言,名言;Miles Davis:迈尔斯·戴维斯(1926—1991),美国爵士音乐家、小号手、乐队指挥和作曲家,20世纪最有影响力的音乐人之一。
39. cryptic: 神秘的,难解的。
40. give oneself to: 专心于,熱衷于;train: 一连串(想法)。
41. Ghana: 加纳,西非的一个共和国。