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陌生人的善意

2018-08-06王伟滨

英语学习 2018年7期
关键词:异乡人仆人穷人

王伟滨

电影《借刀杀人》(Collateral)中有句台词,“如果在城铁里,有个人死了,会被人注意到吗?”(A guy gets on the MTA1 here, and dies. Think anybody will notice?)问这问题的,是个以杀人为业的“哲学家”——称他“哲学家”,是因为在洛杉矶这个拥挤的大都市里,只有他问这个问题。“Tell you the truth, whenever Im here, I cant wait to leave. Too sprawled out(四处蔓延), disconnected. Seventy million people. This is a country. Itd be the fifth biggest economy in the world, and nobody knows each other. I read about this guy, gets on the MTA, dies. Six hours hes riding the subway before anybody notices his corpse doing laps around LA. People on and off sitting next to him. Nobody notices.”(說实话,每次到这儿,我都恨不得马上走。这个城市,杂乱无章,人们彼此疏离。七千万人。简直算个国家了。称得上世界第五大经济体。可人们互不相识。我看到个报道,有个人上了城铁,死了。六个小时之后才被人发现,那时候,这具死尸已经在地铁上绕着洛杉矶转了好几圈。人们就那么在他身边上上下下。没人注意到。)

这个问题,换了在北京,可能要稍微变化一下:“如果在地铁站,有个人死了,会被人注意到吗?”在人人行色匆匆的地铁站,你是否注意过,躺倒在地,或倚靠在墙上的某个默不作声的人呢?

对陌生人的善意,曾被看做崇高的美德。

《圣经·创世记》2(Genesis)中记载,在外远游多年的亚伯拉罕(Abraham)年老了,记挂着要为儿子以撒(Isaac)找个好姑娘为妻,于是便派仆人去自己的故乡,去找寻这样一个姑娘。仆人带着主人的十匹骆驼,长途跋涉来到主人的故乡,立在村口,祈求上天道,“I am standing here by the spring of water, and the daughters of the townspeople are coming out to draw water. Let the girl to whom I shall say, ‘please offer your jar that I may drink,and who shall say, ‘Drink, and I will water your camels—let her be the one whom you have appointed for your servant Isaac.”(Genesis, 24: 13—14. 我现今站在井旁,城内居民的女子们正出来打水。我向哪一个女子说,‘请你拿下水瓶来,给我水喝,她若说,‘请喝,我也给你的骆驼喝,愿那女子就作你所预定给你仆人以撒的妻。)后来,果然过来这样一个善良的姑娘,她不仅给这仆人水喝,还又去井里打了水,给这十匹骆驼。这个姑娘就是利百加(Rebekah),后来以撒的妻子。

对陌生人的善意,曾被当做律法世代传承、遵循。

《利未记》(Leviticus)中规定,“When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap to the very edges of your field, or gather the gleanings of your harvest. You shall not strip your vineyard bare, or gather the fallen grapes of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and the alien.”(Leviticus, 19: 9—10. 在你们的地收割庄稼,不可割尽田角,也不可拾取所遗落的。不可摘尽葡萄园的果子,也不可拾取葡萄园所掉的果子,要留给穷人和寄居的。)

“When an alien resides with you in your land, you shall not oppress the alien. The alien who resides with you shall be to you as the citizen among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt.”(Leviticus, 19: 33—34. 若有外人在你们国中和你同居,就不可欺负他。和你们同居的外人,你们要看他如本地人一样,并要爱他如己,因为你们在埃及地也作过寄居的。)

《路得记》(Ruth)中,丧夫的路得跟随婆婆回到伯利恒(Bethlehem)。家徒四壁、没有男人依仗,且身为异族女人的路得,决定到别人家田地里去捡拾麦穗,来养活自己和婆婆——“Let me go to the field and glean among the ears of grain, behind someone in whose sight I may find favor.”(Ruth, 2: 2. 容我往田间去,我蒙谁的恩,就在谁的身后拾取麦穗。)她之所以可以这样做,正是因为希伯来人信守的“善待穷人、善待异乡人”的律法。更为幸运的是,她去拾穗的那片田地,正是她亡夫亲戚波阿斯(Boaz)的。波阿斯对她说,“Now listen, my daughter, do not go to glean in another field or leave this one, but keep close to my young women. Keep your eyes on the field that is being reaped, and follow behind them. I have ordered the young men not to bother you. If you get thirsty, go to the vessels and drink from what the young men have drawn.”(Ruth, 2: 8—9. 女儿啊,听我说,不要往别人田里拾取麦穗,也不要离开这里,要常与我使女们在一处。我的仆人在那块田收割,你就跟着他们去。我已经吩咐仆人不可欺负你。你若渴了,就可以到器皿那里喝仆人打来的水。)

也许因为自古以来一直四处漂泊的缘故吧,对于陌生人的善意,成为《圣经》中希伯来人标榜自己区别于其他民族的不同之处。

当然,在其他民族的传统中,也从来没有缺少过对于陌生人的善意。这个世界,原本就是靠着陌生人彼此的善意运行的。然而,不知不觉中,人们彼此的善意竟然像沙漏中的沙,越来越少了。

英语中有个词叫“callous”,本意是“皮肤有老茧的”,引申为“冷酷的、无情的”。老茧因为皮肤反复磨损产生;而生活中的诸般虚伪、欺骗、钩心斗角,让人心也生出老茧。

在《福尔摩斯探案》中有个故事,说的是一个出身体面的人,原本是作研究,要体验一下乞丐的生活,却发现原来扮作乞丐去赚钱,竟然那么容易,于是便决定以此为职业:“You can imagine how hard it was to settle down to arduous work at two pounds a week, when I knew that I could earn as much in a day by smearing my face with a little paint, laying my cap on the ground, and sitting still. It was a long fight between my pride and the money, but the dollars won at last, and I threw up reporting, and sat day after day in the corner which I had first chosen, inspiring pity by my ghastly(惨白的)face, and filling my pockets with copper.”(3你可以想象,我明知道自己可以脸上涂些油彩,往地上一坐,面前放个帽子,一天下来就可以挣到足足两镑钱,再让我像原来那样辛辛苦苦工作一周去挣这两镑,该有多难。自尊和金钱在我的心里战斗了好一番,最终还是钱占了上风。于是,我就扔掉了那篇报道,坐到了我一开始就选定的那个街角,靠着我这张描画得颇为凄惨的脸,博取同情,换来铜板,装满我的口袋。)

后来他竟然靠着这个营生娶妻生子,过上了幸福的同时也是两面的生活:每天按时出门“上班”,回家时又是一副绅士派头:“As I grew richer I grew more ambitious, took a house in the country, and eventually married, without anyone having a suspicion as to my real occupation. My dear wife knew that I had business in the City. She little knew that.”4(我越来越有钱,也越来越雄心勃勃,于是在乡下买了房,还娶了妻,谁也不知道我究竟是作何营生。我的爱妻只知道我在城里做生意。具体的,她就不清楚了。)

乞讨并非一件恶事,但扮作惨状行乞,便是糟蹋了别人的善意和同情心;把乞讨当做一门“生意”来做,更是把善意扼杀了。

事实上,正是因为对占便宜者的提防心,1834年英国通过了《济贫法修正案》(The Poor Law Amendment),从此,贫穷不再是“倒霉”,而是“犯罪”(treating poverty as a crime rather than a misfortune5),有劳作能力而不能养活自己,就应当受到惩戒——在上面的故事中,那个“乞丐”便时常因行乞而被抓,不过,那时(19世纪末期)《济贫法》的执行已没有那么严苛,多是罚上几个子儿了事,而那点小钱,在一个“有雄心”的职业乞丐眼里,就算不得什么了。

在《修正案》,或曰《新济贫法》,精神指导下形成的教区联合济贫院(Union workhouses,又译为“贫民习艺所”)体制,使这些打着“济贫”旗号的机构成为贫民的“巴士底狱”6。狄更斯(Charles Dickens)在小说《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)的开篇几章,曾对此大加批判:

“委员会”的胖绅士们感觉多年来贫民纯粹是揩“济贫院”和有钱人的油,“The poor people liked it! It was a regular place of public entertainment for the poor classes; a tavern where there was nothing to pay; a public breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper all the year round; a brick-and-mortar Elysian, where it was all play and no work.”7(穷人们喜欢这地方!这里成了穷棒子们的公共娱乐场所;免费旅店;一年到头供应免费早餐、午餐、茶点和晚餐;简直是个砖瓦砌成的乐土,可以整日吃喝玩乐、无所事事。)

于是,聪明的胖绅士们决定要维护正义:“So, they established the rule, that all poor people should have the alternative (for they would compel nobody, not they,) of being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it.”8 [他們制定了规矩,所有穷人都可以二者择其一(他们可不愿强迫谁),要么在习艺所慢慢饿死,要么在外面快快饿死。]

“习艺所”不仅要“教育”穷人“自力更生”——强迫他们做特别重的体力活,比如砸石头;更是故意地将生活条件设计得“精准”而“苛刻”。后者因“Oliver asking for more”(奥利弗想多要一点)这个经典段落而广为流传——可怜的小奥利弗被每顿一碗的稀粥饿到发疯,想多要一碗,这事儿一下成为巨大罪状,让他饱受责罚。

“理事会”的胖绅士们太精明了,不会平白无故地对陌生人展现善意。不过,幸好这世上还有许多不那么精明的人,他们还懂得怜悯、信任,就像小说中的布朗罗先生(Mr. Brownlow)。

然而,有时候,展示善意,不仅需要“怜悯”、“信任”,还需要极大的勇气。

《创世记》中记载,两个异乡人(实则是天使)来到罪孽深重的索多玛(Sodom)城,善人罗得(Lot)在城门口迎接,并将二人带到家中热情招待。当晚,全城的恶人包围了罗得的家,定要罗得交出异乡人,任由他们蹂躏。罗得百般恳求他们莫做恶事,最后,竟然提出要献出自己的两个女儿,只求他们能饶过异乡人:“Only do nothing to these men, for they have come under the shelter of my roof.”(Genesis, 19: 8. 只是这两个人既然到我舍下,不要向他们做什么。)为了两个陌生人,便与全城人作对,罗得的勇气要算够大了。

德国剧作家布莱希特(Bertolt Brecht)曾创作剧本《四川好人》(The Good Person of Szechwan),将罗得的故事换了个場景,重新讲了一遍—— 三个扮作异乡人的神仙遍寻四川城不见好人,只有个叫沈德的暗娼收留了他们。如果说索多玛的故事,主要还是讲罗得的善,那么四川的故事,就是讲在一个恶的世界上行善的不易了。罗得搭救异乡人,做了一件善事,几乎搞到家破人亡;而沈德收留异乡人,却只是开始,她还要在这个不善的城市里继续行善——不过,为了不被人欺,她要戴上一副恶的面具……

在电影《孤独的幸存者》(Lone Survivor)中,美国海军海豹突击队一支四人小分队,深入阿富汗兴都库什(Hindu Kush)地区,欲抓捕塔利班头目,反遭塔利班伏击,几乎全军覆没,只剩队员马库斯(Marcus)负伤逃亡,后被当地村民冒着全村可能遭塔利班屠杀的危险搭救。

片尾字幕这样写道:

The Afghan villagers who protected Marcus did so out of duty to their 2,000 year old code of honor known as Pashtunwali. Pashtunwali requires a tribe to undertake the responsibility of safeguarding an individual against his enemies and protecting him at all costs.(那些阿富汗村民之所以冒死保护马库斯,是因为他们信守着一套有两千年历史的,当地人称作“帕什图瓦里”的规矩。这套规矩规定,若有被群敌追杀的个人逃到村里,则全村当不惜一切代价保护此人。)

我们大多数人,大概既没有罗得、沈德的勇气,也不懂“帕什图瓦里”的规矩;但下次走入地铁站,至少向角落里某个你也许从没在意过的陌生人瞟上一眼,微笑一下吧。

1. MTA: Metropolitan Transportation Authority,大都会交通运输署。该机构管理巴士、轻轨、地铁等公共交通系统。人们日常用MTA代指上述公交系统。

2. 本文《圣经》引文,英文为“New Revised Standard Version”,中文为“现代标点和合本”。

3. Arthur Conan Doyle. The Original Illustrated Sherlock Holmes. Castle Books. P. 94.

4. 同上。

5. Kathleen Tillotson, Introduction to Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens. Oxford UP. 1982. P. xv.

6. Christopher Harvie & H. C. G. Matthew. NineteenthCentury Britain: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford UP. 2000. P. 36.

7. Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens. Oxford UP. 1982. P. 9.

8. 同上。

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