非谓语动词解题探秘
2018-08-03徐冬晴
徐冬晴
非谓语动词在句子中位置灵活,功能强大,考点纷繁复杂,易混点多,是高考中的必考知识点。近年来,高考题目的设置注重情景化和结构复杂化,加大了考生对题干句的理解难度,试题呈现设问角度多样化的趋势。要想快速准确地做好此类题目,必须在掌握好非谓语动词的基本形式、对非谓语动词的考点了然于胸的情况下,通过有效的策略和技巧来解题。
一、基本形式,用心牢记
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),除了不能独立作谓语,它可以作句子的其他成分。同谓语动词一样,非谓语动词也有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词的时态有一般式、进行式、完成式等,区别于谓语动词的一般时、进行时、完成时等。
时态 动词不定式 现在分词和动名词 过去分词
一般式 to do doing done
一般被动式 to be do being done
完成式 to have done having done
被动完成式 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
考生只要牢记非谓语动词的基本形式、熟悉常规题型的解题步骤,适当了解难度较大的题型,就能轻松解决非谓语动词试题。
二、常规题型,三招搞定
1. 判断试题是考查谓语动词还是非谓语动词
一个单句通常不能有两个以上的谓语动词,除非动词是并列谓语。根据这个语法规则,我们可以确定一道题目是考查谓语动词还是非谓语动词。
(2017北京卷·30)The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _______ from butterflies to elephants.
A.ranging B.range C.to range D.ranged
【答案】A
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词。该句主语为the national park,谓语为has,a large collection of wildlife是宾语,句中没有连词,所以横线上所缺内容为非谓语动词,根据句意“那个国家公园有很多野生动植物,小到蝴蝶,大到大象”,此处为现在分词作后置定语,故选A。
(2017全国I卷·71)The instructor kept repeating the wo- rd, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!”
【答案】将“Turning”改成“Turn”
【解析】此题考查动词形式。由前面的“Speed up!”“Slow down!”可知,“Turning left!”应为祈使句,用动词原形开头,故将“Turning”改为“Turn”。
2. 判断非谓语动词是主动语态还是被动语态
确定试题是考查非谓语动词后,接下来就要分析其逻辑主语,明确非谓语动词采用主动语态还是被动语态。由于非谓语动词不能作谓语,其逻辑上的动作执行者就是它的逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语和句子的主语必须一致;非谓语动词作宾补时,其逻辑主语是宾语;非谓语动词作定语时,其逻辑主语是被修饰的名词或代词。确定逻辑主语后,就可以分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动关系还是被动关系,由此可以确定非谓语动词的形式。
动词不定式 现在分词和动名词 过去分词
主动 to do / to have done / to have been doing doing / having done
被动 to be done being done / having been done done
(2017北京卷·32)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _______ with his students.
A.to spend B.spend C.spending D.spent
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词。the happy time和spend之间是动宾关系,根据句意“他退休了,但他依然记得跟他的学生一起度過的快乐时光”,时间被度过,所以此处为过去分词作后置定语,故选D。
3. 判断非谓语动词动作发生的时间
与谓语动作相比,非谓语动作发生的不同时间分别对应下面几种不同的形式。
时间 动词不定式 现在分词和动名词 过去分词
在谓语动作之后 to do / to be done
与谓语动作同步 to be doing doing / being done
先于谓语动作 to have done /to have been done / to have been doing having done / having been done / done
(2017北京卷·27) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online their valuable time.
A.save B.saving C.to save D.saved
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词。save和their valuable time之间是动宾关系,根据句意“许多航班现在允许乘客在网上打印他们的登机牌,目的是节约他们的宝贵时间”,此处不定式作目的状语,主动语态,故选C。
(2017江苏卷·21)Many Chinese brands, their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
A.having developed B.being developed
C.developed D.developing
【答案】A
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词。develop和their reputation之间是动宾关系,根据句意“许多中国品牌,在经过几个世纪的发展后已小有名气,但正面临现代市场的新挑战”,名声形成在先,面临挑战在后,主动语态,故选A。
(2017天津卷·14) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, more patients to be treated.
A.being allowed B.allowing
C.having allowed D.allowed
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查非谓语动词。allow和more patients之间是动宾关系,根据句意“医院最近获得了新的医疗设备,能让更多的病人得到治疗”,获得新设备和让病人得到治疗同时发生,主动语态,故选B。
三、疑难杂症,各个击破
1. 主动表示被动的几种情况
(1)不定式to blame作表语,通常用主动表示被动。
The policy is partly for causing the worst unemployment in Europe.
A.to be blamed B.to blame
C.being blamed D.blaming
【答案】B
(2)“主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
这类形容词常见的有convenient,comfortable,danger-ous,difficult,hard,easy,impossible,interesting,nice,plea-sant,safe,tough,tricky,unpleasant等。
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable .
A.to sit B.to sit on C.to be sat on D.for sitting
【答案】B
(3)不定式放在某些动词,如have(有),get,want,need等所接的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
I have some clothes now,so I cant go out to play.
A.to wash B.to be washed
C.washing D.being washed
【答案】A
【解析】若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式。
Sir,do you have something ? Im free now.
A.to type B.typing C.to be typed D.to have typed
【答案】C
(4)在“with+宾语+不定式”的结构中,不定式表示将来的动作,且其逻辑主语是句子的主语,该不定式常用主动表示被动。
With so many difficult problems ,I dont know if Ill have time to go camping with my friends this weekend.
A.to settle B.settled
C.to be settled D.have to be settled
【答案】A
(5)be worth后的动名词要用主动表示被动。
These ten books recommended by this well ?known website are really worth .
A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read
【答案】C
注:be worthy和be worth不一樣,其后常接不定式的被动式或“of+动名词”的被动式。
The book is worthy again because it is very instructive.
A.reading B.to read C.to be read D.of reading
【答案】C
(6)表示“需要”的动词, 如need,want,require等,或动词deserve后的动名词,常用主动形式表示被动意义。
As a result of the serious flood,two ?thirds of the buildings in the area .
A.need repairing B.needs to be repaired
C.needs repairing D.need to repair
【答案】A
2. 独立主格结构
独立主格结构的基本形式为:名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语。独立主格结构可以作状语,表示行为方式、伴随情况、时间、原因、条件等,相当于一个状语从句。
(2016浙江卷·3)Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B had C. have D. to have
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查独立主格结构。句意为:“令人惊讶的是,蝙蝠是长寿的动物,有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式,句子中没有连词,无法并存两个句子。to have表示将来,having表示伴随,因此选A。
3. 独立成分
有些分词或分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking,一般说来;frankly speaking,坦白地说;judging from,根据……来判断;considering,考虑到;to tell you the truth,说实话;providing/provided/supposing,假如;given,考虑到。
4. 非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not,never等否定词,即not/never to do, not/never doing。
Eg. ①I asked Tom not to smoke any more.
②Not knowing where to go, she began to cry.
5. 非謂语动词的复合结构
(1)不定式的复合结构:for /of sb. to do sth.
Eg. ①It is important for us to learn English.
②It is kind of you to help my poor English.
一般来讲,说明人的品格特征的形容词后接of,其余形容词后接for。
(2)动词ing形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing(注意:动名词作主语时,一般用所有格+doing)。
Eg. ①I appreciated Jim/ Jims helping my English.
②Smiths being late made his teacher angry.
综上所述,非谓语动词是一个综合性很强的考点。在备考时,同学们要掌握其基本形式和意义,熟记常规题型和各种特殊结构,这样就能轻松拿下非谓语动词试题了。