名词八大考点解密

2018-07-20广东

教学考试(高考英语) 2018年1期

广东

名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象或抽象概念等名称的词，在句中主要作主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语等。名词在高考中是必考点。归结起来，主要有八大考点。

一、高考真题链接

【考例1】(2016全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________(attract).

【解析】attraction。考查词性转换。its top 后面应该接名词。句意为：成都有许多新的百万富翁，亚洲最大的建筑以及别致的新旅店。但是对于像我这样的旅游者，熊猫是最吸引人的事物。

【考例2】(2017全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ____(effect)such as overweight and heart disease...

【解析】effects。考查名词复数。side effect是固定词组，意为“副作用”。又因为前面有some，故填effects，意为“一些不为人知的副作用”。

【考例3】(2017全国Ⅰ卷短文改错)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!”

【解析】word改为words。考查名词复数的特殊意义。words意为“话语”。

【考例4】(2016全国Ⅱ卷短文改错)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.

【解析】knowledges改为knowledge。考查抽象名词与具体名词的转化。knowledge作抽象名词时不可数，指“知识”，但变为具体名词时是可数名词，意为“了解、掌握”。句意为：出国旅行可以拓宽我们的视野，获得我们从书本上不能获得的“知识”。

【考例5】(2017全国Ⅱ卷短文改错)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.

【解析】informations改为information。考查不可数名词。information是不可数名词。句意为：此外，他们经常从网上获得一些有用的信息。

【考例6】(2016全国Ⅱ卷短文改错)It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.

【解析】many改为much。考查修饰名词的量词。many修饰可数名词的复数，much修饰不可数名词。

【考例7】(2011全国Ⅰ卷短文改错)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.

【解析】friend改为friend’s。考查名词所有格。arrive at my friend’s 意为“到达我朋友的家里”。

【考例8】(2017全国Ⅰ卷短文改错)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.

【解析】on改为of。考查名词所有格。in the middle of the road意为“在路的中间”。

二、考点梳理

考点1. 名词的功能

(2017全国Ⅱ卷写作)The exhibition, to be held in the City Hall of Xi’an, lasts for seven days from June 6th to 12th, which attracts a large number of visitors at home and abroad. 本次艺术展将于6月6日到12日在西安市政厅举行，持续7天，吸引了国内外的许多游客。(作主语、宾语)

(2014全国Ⅰ卷写作)I am a student in China and I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the summer vacation. 我是一名中国学生，计划在暑假期间去英国上暑假学校。(作表语、定语)

(2016全国 Ⅰ卷写作)I’m Li Hua , a student from your English writing class last term. 我是李华，是上学期参加了你的英语写作班的一个学生。(作同位语)

考点2. 抽象名词具体化

有些抽象名词转化为具体名词后，就由不可数名词变成了可数名词。

不可数名词可数名词difficulty困难failure失败success成功shame/pity遗憾knowledge知识a difficulty一件难事a failure一个失败的人/一件失败的事a success 一个成功的人/一件成功的事a shame/pity一件羞耻的事/遗憾的事have a good knowledge of 精通

(2017全国Ⅰ卷写作)As you know, in order to acquire a good knowledge of Chinese, you should learn more about Chinese culture and history. 你知道，为了掌握好汉语，你应该多了解中国文化和历史。

(2006江苏卷写作)I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success. 我将利用这个机会与运动员和游客们交朋友，帮助2008年奥运会获得成功。

考点3. 绝对不可数名词

有些不可数名词在任何情况下都没有复数形式，即使被形容词修饰也不能加a/an，称作“绝对不可数名词”。如：fun乐趣/有趣的事, housework家务事，homework课外作业, advice建议(但suggestion是可数名词), information信息, news消息, progress进步, equipment设备, furniture家具,health健康, luck运气, money金钱等。

(2012四川卷写作)I really hope that you can give me good advice on how to memorize new words. 我真正地希望你能就关于如何记忆新单词给我一些好的建议。

(2012四川卷写作)I believe we can make much progress in English with your help. 我相信在你的帮助下，我们的英语能取得大的进步。

(2015安徽卷写作)I would also like to know how he felt in space and whether space travel is such great fun as I have read. 我也想知道他在太空感觉如何，太空旅行是否像我读到的那样有趣。

考点4. 修饰名词的量词

（1）修饰复数名词的量词有several, a couple of, (a)few, quite a few, many, a great/ good many, a (large) number of,scores of, dozens of等。

（2）修饰不可数名词的量词有a bit of, (a) little, much,a large amount of, a great/good deal of等。

（3）既修饰可数名词又修饰不可数名词的量词有some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, quantities of, masses of等。

(2017全国Ⅱ卷写作)Besides, there will be a lot of useful and interesting activities, from which you can have a clearer picture of Chinese culture. 此外，将会有许多有用的和有趣的活动，从中你可以更清楚地了解中国文化。

(2004浙江卷写作)Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. 除了大量的例子，还有许多注释告诉你如何使用单词。

(2014广东卷写作)McCarty, an ordinary worker with a thrifty lifestyle, donated a great deal of money to a university,which aroused public attention and earned her widespread social recognition. McCarty，一位过着简朴生活的普通工人，为一所大学捐助了一大笔钱，这引起了公众的关注，也为她赢得了广泛的社会认可。

考点5. 名词复数的变化规则

（1）一般情况下直接加-s，如desk—desks, apple—apples。

（2）以 -s，-x，- sh，-ch结尾，加 -es，如 class—classes, box—boxes , match—matches,dish—dishes。

（3）以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i，再加-es，如family—families, city—cities, country—countries。

（4）以f或fe结尾, 变f(e)为v，再加-es，如thief—thieves，knife—knives。

注意：proofs(证据)，roofs(屋顶)，beliefs(信仰)是例外。

（5）以o结尾，“两人两菜”加-es, 其他加-s：

Negro—Negroes, hero—heroes, potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes, photos/pianos/radios等。

考点6. 复数形式表特殊意义的名词

work工作—works作品，wood木头—woods树林，sand沙子—sands沙滩，grass草—grasses草地，glass玻璃—glasses眼镜，paper 纸—papers 报纸/试卷，good 好处—goods货物/商品，time 时间—times 时代/次数/倍数，cost费用—costs成本，word单词—words话/言语。

考点7. 常以复数形式出现的名词

（1）一些以-ing结尾的名词：belongings财产/所有物，surroundings环境, feelings感情/感受。

（2）一些名词：things情况/事物, congratulations祝贺,good manners礼貌, natural resources 自然资源。

（3）一些短语：shake hands with与某人握手，make friends with与某人交朋友，make arrangements for为……做安排，make preparations for为……做准备，burst into tears突然大哭起来, change seats换座位, as follows如下, in tears热泪盈眶, into pieces成为碎片, in ruins成为废墟, in high/low spirits情绪高涨/低落。

考点8. 名词所有格

⑴ ’s所有格表示“……的”，主要用于表示有生命东西的名词, 如：men’s room男厕所。还可以表示时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城市、团体机构等无生命名词的所有关系。如：today’s newspaper今天的报纸 , an hour’s walk 一小时的步行路程, a mile’s journey一英里的行程, a pound’s weight一磅的重量。

(2010全国Ⅱ卷写作)Besides teaching, you will also work as an advisor to our students’ English club or our school’s English newspaper. 除了教学，你也将担任我们学生英语俱乐部或学校英语报的顾问。

（2）名词所有格表示节日或处所。

Valentine’s Day情人节，Women’s Day妇女节，Children’s Day儿童节

at the dentist’s在牙科诊所，at the chemist’s在药店，go to the doctor’s去诊所

（3）“of＋名词”即of所有格，主要用于无生命的名词，或者用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。

(2015浙江卷写作)When I have a different opinion, I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority. 我有不同意见时，可能会选择放弃，并去尊重大多数人的意见。

（4）“of＋名词’s/名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格，表示整体中的一个或一部分。of前面的名词一定要有a(an), two, some, several等表示数量的词；of后面的名词必须指人而且特指。如，an old friend of mine我的一个老朋友，an old friend of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一个老朋友。

三、巩固练习

语法填空：

1.(2017全国Ⅱ卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _______(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

2.(2017浙江卷)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small_______(carrot) and was about to throw them away.

3.(2016全国Ⅱ卷)Recent _______(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

4.(2016四川卷)Any smell might attract natural _______(enemy)that would try to eat the little pats.

5.(2015全国 Ⅰ 卷 )I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _______(painting).

6.(2014福建卷)The smallest good habits can make a big_______(different).

7.(2013广东卷 )“In the beginning, there was only_______very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always thinking that it was only small and not very important.”

8.(2014福建卷)Whether we waste our potential talents,our own time, our limited natural _______(resource), our money, or other people’s time, each of us can become more aware and careful.

短文改错：

1.(2016全国Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

2.(2016四川卷)Mom has a full-time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.

3.(2015全国Ⅰ卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

4.(2015全国Ⅰ卷)Much rare animals are dying out.

5.(2013全国Ⅱ卷)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.

6.(2013辽宁卷 )“He has ruined his healthy. We are worried about him.” That is what other teachers say.

7.(2013全国Ⅱ卷)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.

8.(2013大纲卷 )At home my father often thinks I’m silly.He says if I decide to do something, it takes him much times to stop me.

9.It is such a great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing.

10.I was playing at my cousin house.

11.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.

12.He agreed to read my story and give me some advices on how to write like a real writer.

13.There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them so that we can help each other with the course work.

14.The second man pointed to his glass and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight.

15.Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class.

写作：

1. Welcome to my class as an exchange student. To make your stay more comfortable, I’d like to _______________________________________________about our class. 欢迎来到我班作交换生。为了使你在这段时间内感到更舒适，我想给你介绍一些我班的信息。

2. I hope that the English speech competition____________________________________(将会非常成功)!

3. Firstly, we should be given more opportunities to use what we’ve learned __________________________________________________________. 首先，为了更好地掌握我们所学到的东西，应该给我们更多机会来运用它。

4. I _________________________________________________________________(精通英语口语和书面语), which will meet your demands.

5. (2013重庆卷)_____________________________, the generation gap between them will get bigger and bigger. 如果情况继续这样发展，他们之间的代沟会越来越大。

6.Chatting on line, students can________________________________(更加自由地表达他们的感情和观点), and even get help with their foreign language studies.

7. I believe ______________________________________________ can qualify me for the job. 我相信，较强的沟通能力和合作精神能使我胜任这项工作。

8. I am _____________________________________(我校篮球队队长), which has equipped me with a strong body and the ability of leadership.

9. (2015全国I卷作文 )I’d like to ask you_____________________________________(为我校英语报写一篇文章).

巩固练习参考答案

语法填空：

1.crowds 2. carrots 3. studies 4. enemies

5. paintings 6. difference 7. a 8. resources

短文改错：

1. year改为years 2. houseworks改为housework