语法填空的主要考点与解题思路
2018-07-20陈慧玲
陈慧玲
语法填空题有纯空格题和给提示词题两大类型,解答语法填空的两大基础是句子结构分析和句间逻辑关系。现将其主要考点和解题方法分述如下。
一、纯空格题
考点与思路
思维与方法
1. 主格人称代词和it。
句子缺主语时,填人称代词主格或it;句子缺宾语时一般填it。如:
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________ every day.
解析:并列分句中more than 25,000 people(两万五千多人)是主语,were using(在使用)是謂语,显然were using缺宾语,故填代词;两万五千多人在使用什么?指前文中的the railway,故填it。
2. 冠词。
在“(形容词+)名词”前,填冠词。如:
(2017年全国Ⅲ卷) Instead, she is earning £6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
解析:在名词model(模特)前,应填冠词;表示职业身份的单数名词前,通常用不定冠词,表示“一个”模特,故填a。
(2014年全国Ⅰ卷) ... this river is one of __________most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
解析:在“形容词+名词(most outstanding examples)”前应填冠词,由most可知是形容词的最高级,故填the。
3. 连词
(1)并列连词。
在并列的两个单词、短语或句子之间,或并列的多个单词、短语或句子的最后两个之间,没有连词时,要填连词。如:
(2016年全国III卷)... especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析:在并列的China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam四个国家的最后两个国家之间没有连词,应填连词,并列关系用and。
(2014年全国Ⅰ卷) But the river wasnt changed in a few days __________ even a few months.
解析:句中并列的a few days 与a few months 之间没有连词,应填连词;两者之间需要“或者”之意,意义才通顺,故填or。
(2014年全国II卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, __________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
解析:前后是两个句子,之间没有连词,应填连词,并列关系,填and。
(2)从句连接词。
在主、从句之间没有连接词(指引导定语从句的关系词,引导状语从句的从属连词,引导名词性从句的连词、连接代词和连接副词)时,要填连接词;根据各类从句的性质和连接词的意义和用法特点,选用恰当的连接词。如:
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food ... Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________is not good for the health.
解析:因空格前后均为句子,后句是补充说明前句的,之间没有连接词,应填连接词;“对健康不好”是指“吃太多的脂肪和食盐”,即前句话的内容;指代前句内容又在本句中作主语,故填which,引导非限制性定语从句。
(2016年全国III卷)... ________the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces.
解析:前后是两个句子,之间没有连接词,应填连接词;根据两句的逻辑关系,应为“随着人口的增加,人们开始将食物切成小块”,表示“随着”通常用as,也可填when,表示“当……时”。
4. 介词。
当空格后是名词、代词或动名词,该词在句中不是作主语或动词宾语时,该名词很可能是作介词的宾语,即空格处填介词。如:
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ________a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease...
解析:空格后a method 是名词,显然不是主语,也不是在动词后作宾语,故填介词;表示“作为”,用as。
二、给提示词题
考点与思路
思维与方法
1. 谓语动词。
没有别的谓语动词,所给动词为谓语动词;考虑其时态、语态、主谓一致,甚至虚拟语气等。如:
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷) Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道) which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible...
解析:在主语engineers后,manage应为谓语动词;根据其后的became和was可知,用一般过去时,故填managed。
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required to process the food that we eat ... When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析:在when引導的从句中,fat and salt 是主语,remove应为谓语动词;又因fat and salt与remove是被动关系,即脂肪和盐被移走,故用被动语态;由前后谓语动词的时态可知,用一般现在时,主语是复数,故填are removed。
(2016年全国II卷)... whatever it is, ________ (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. (make)
解析:主句没有主语,显然是祈使句,应以用动词原形开头,故填make。
2. 非谓语动词。
当句中已有谓语动词且所给动词前又没有并列连词时,应为非谓语动词,考虑用现在分词、过去分词、动名词或不定式。如:
(2015年全国Ⅰ卷) Abercrombie & Kent ... says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people __________ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:宾语从句中已有谓语动词arranges,所以live应为非谓语动词;又因people与live是主动关系,故用现在分词短语作后置定语,填living。
(2015年全国Ⅰ卷) A study of travelers__________ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as...
解析:句中已有谓语动词names,所以conduct应为非谓语动词;又因study与conduct是被动关系,加上有by的提示,故用过去分词短语作后置定语,填conducted。
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析:作介词的宾语,用动名词,故填eating。
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required ________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
解析:由require sb to do sth可知,用不定式作补语,故填to progress。
3. 词类转换。
(1)副词。
修饰动词、形容词、全句,用副词作状语。如:
(2016年全国Ⅰ卷) I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
解析:修饰动词be given用副词,故填officially。
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
解析:修饰形容词unpleasant,用副词,故填fairly。
(2)形容词。
在系动词后作表语或在名词前作定语,用形容词。
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
解析:作表语用形容词,故填careful。
(2015年全国Ⅱ卷)As __________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. (natural)
解析:在名词前作定语,用形容词,故填natural。
(3)名词。
作主语、宾语、表语,用名词,或者说,在形容词性物主代词后或“冠词(+形容词)”后用名词。如:
(2015年全国Ⅱ卷) In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their__________ (able)to “air condition”a house without using electric equipment.
解析:在形容词性物主代词their后用名词,故填ablity。
(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
解析:作介词的宾语,或者说,在冠词the后又在of前,用名词,故填introduction。
4. 名词。
主要考查名词的单复数。括号中所给词是名词,又是在句中作主语、宾语,很可能就是填其复数形式。名词的所有格虽然没有考过,但也是可能要考的。
(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)This trend, ... , has had some unintended side ________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析:所给词effect是名词,句中has had后缺宾语,注意some unintended side是定语,缺宾语就用名词,故考虑用其复数形式;又由some和such as后的两个例子,可知填effects。指一些未曾料想到的副作用。
5. 比较等级。
(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)Even ________ (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析:根据前后语境和even常修饰比较级可知,填worse。Even worse意为“更糟糕的是”。
6. 非主格人称代词和it。
即不是人称代词的主格或it,而是形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、反身代词以及人称代词宾语等,这时,命题者一般会在括号中给出人称代词的主格形式给予提示。如:
(2016年全国Ⅰ卷)On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.
解析:在名词mother前作定语,用形容词性物主代词,填its。
(2014年全国Ⅱ卷) “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear! Its ________ (I).”
解析:意思是“是我的”,即Its my suitcase.代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”用名词性物主代词,故填mine。
此外,也有可能考查表示疑问或强调的助动词do, does, did, 强调结构it is...that中的it或that等。如:
(2014年全国Ⅱ卷)Then the driver stood up and asked, “_______ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”
解析:由asked可知引号是一个疑问句,又由at the last stop 可知是过去时,而lose是原形,故填Did,构成一般疑问句。
责任编辑 蒋小青