脑白质疏松与颅内外大动脉狭窄相关性的研究进展
2018-07-12梁东新聂葵葵宋玉强
梁东新 聂葵葵 宋玉强
[摘要]脑白质疏松是一个影像学术语,又称为白质高信号,临床上可以导致认知障碍、步态异常、排尿功能障碍等。目前的研究认为,脑白质疏松与缺血/低灌注、血脑脊液屏障的破坏、内皮功能障碍、基因遗传学等有关。颅内外大动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的脑卒中病人常合并脑白质疏松,引起人们的普遍关注。本文主要对脑白质疏松与颅内外大动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性进行阐述,以期对疾病的预防和诊治提供一定的理论依据。
[关键词]脑白质疏松症;动脉粥样硬化;动脉狭窄;综述
[中图分类号]R743.9
[文献标志码]A
[文章编号]20965532(2018)02024904
脑白质疏松(LA)由HACHINSKI教授等首次提出,是一个影像学术语,传统上,LA指脑积水的影像学表现,这里指脑小血管病的病理表现之一。LA又称脑白质高信号、脑白质改变、脑白质病变和脑白质损伤。LA的影像学特点为:颅脑磁共振成像(MRI)T2序列及T2 Flair序列显示脑室周围及半卵圆中心区脑白质高信号;颅脑CT显示脑白质区边界不清的斑点状或弥漫低密度影[1]。LA的主要病理表现为脱髓鞘、少突胶质细胞凋亡、轴突损伤等[2]。尽管大多数的LA病人无临床症状[3],但LA并不是一个良性的病变,临床上可以导致认知功能减退、痴呆、步态异常、排尿功能障碍等[46]。LA可以影响脑卒中病人的预后,是脑卒中复发的独立危险因素[79]。颅内外大动脉狭窄或闭塞引起的血流动力学变化常导致脑灌注不足,脑灌注不足又可以导致LA的发生[10]。目前,LA与大动脉狭窄之间的关系还存在着争议。而明确大动脉粥样硬化及狭窄与LA的相关性,以期及早进行干预,对临床有一定的指导意义。
1LA的危险因素
LA的危险因素众多,其中高龄和高血压是两个主要的危险因素[1112]。LA与动态血压的关系是近几年的研究热点[1314]。AVET等[15]研究健康老年人群LA与动态血压的关系,结果表明LA与动态血压有关,而与诊室血压缺乏相关性。针对夜间血压与LA的关系,KOKUBO等[16]也进行了相应的研究,结果表明在老年高血压病人中夜间收缩压的水平与LA的体积呈正相关。舒张压水平与LA的关系也相当密切,平均舒张压的增高可使LA的风险增加[14]。LA还与糖尿病[17]、高同型半胱氨酸血症[18]、高脂血症、高尿酸血症[19]、腔隙性脑梗死、吸烟、饮酒等有关[1112]。
2LA的解剖学基础
根据LA的影像学特点,将LA分为侧脑室旁及深部白质/皮质下白质。侧脑室周围白质的血供主要来源于软脑膜动脉的长穿支动脉及脉络膜动脉或豆纹动脉终末支,之间相互吻合稀疏,形成动脉血供分水岭区,这种解剖特点使脑室周围白质对缺血损伤极为敏感。同样,深部皮质下白质主要接受短支的血供,这些短支血管垂直起源于弯曲的长穿支动脉,且大部分短支仅来源于长穿支动脉,因此,皮质下白质对缺血低氧性损害也极敏感,U型纤维常不受累。
3LA的发病机制
LA的发病机制仍存在着争论,目前主要的观点认为LA的发病与缺血/低灌注[20]、血脑脊液屏障的破坏[2122]、内皮功能障碍[23]、基因遗传学等有关[3,24]。LA是脑缺血易感性增加的标志[25],早在1997年PANTONI等[26]就提出腦白质疏松的缺血起源。对LA病人进行尸检发现,脑白质病变区域动脉壁明显增厚,管腔明显变小[27]。FEMANDO等[28]对人脑标本研究发现,脑白质病变区域脑组织低氧诱导因子 (HIFs)持续表达,从分子病理学角度证明了LA的慢性低灌注损伤起源。此外,近来静脉胶原病也被列为LA的发病机制[2]。
4LA与颅内外大动脉狭窄相关性
颅内外大动脉狭窄引起的缺血性脑血管病事件中多数由脑血流动力学变化引起。LA的发生与缺血、低灌注有关。脑灌注显像是比较直观的反映脑血流动力学变化的检查方法,包括CT灌注成像和MR灌注成像,常用的参数包括脑血流速度(CBF)、脑血流量(CBV)、脑血流平均经过时间(MTT)、最大峰值时间(TTP)等。MARKUS等[29]通过磁共振灌注显像监测CBF、CBV和MTT,结果显示LA组CBF较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义。VERNOOIJ等[30]致力于研究全脑灌注与LA的关系,结果显示全脑灌注越低者,其LA的体积越大。TURK等[31]应用颈动脉超声监测颈动脉的血流速度等参数,结果表明LA病人颈动脉血流速度减慢、血流量减少,这与 LA发生的低灌注学说相一致。TURK等[32]应用经颅多普勒(TCD)对LA病人大脑中动脉血流动力学参数进行分析,结果显示LA病人大脑中动脉血流速度减慢。BAHRANI等[33]对脑室周围白质高信号与皮质下深部白质高信号分别进行研究,结果显示,两者的脑血流量都减少,且脑室周围白质更明显。但是,亦有研究结果显示两者无相关性[34]。
LA与颅内外大动脉狭窄相关性的研究中,颈内动脉狭窄是比较热门的研究对象[35]。DEMIRTAS等[36]为研究LA与颈动脉狭窄的关系,纳入了194例因各种原因行CT血管造影(CTA)的病人,结果显示LA与颈内动脉狭窄呈正相关。KANDIAH等[37]提出颈内动脉狭窄是LA的危险因素。AMMIRATI等[38]对轻中度颈动脉狭窄病人进行研究,结果显示LA与颈动脉狭窄程度有相关性。有些研究则聚焦于颈动脉狭窄病人LA的半球差异性,ENZINGER等[39]研究发现颈动脉狭窄同侧LA体积较对侧更大且差异有统计学意义。PU等[40]发现虽然单发血管狭窄与LA无明显相关性,但多支血管狭窄可能增加LA的风险。LIN等[41]对后循环动脉粥样硬化与LA的关系进行研究发现,基底动脉分支系统狭窄者脑室周围白质高信号更严重。脑内血管侧支代偿情况对LA也有一定的影响,CHUANG等[42]研究显示,颈动脉狭窄病人Willis环不完整者可以导致更为严重的LA。该研究同时对颈动脉支架术术前、术后的脑灌注成像及LA变化重新评估,结果发现术后脑灌注恢复,且LA较前得到改善。进一步说明动脉狭窄合并侧支循环不良更易导致局部血流动力学不稳定,进而对脑灌注产生影响,导致LA的发生发展。这与KAO等[43]的研究结果相一致,与非狭窄侧比较,单侧颈动脉狭窄合并Willis环侧支循环不良时脑血流动力学参数之间有很大差异。PATANKAR等[34]研究颈动脉狭窄病人LA与脑血流量的关系,结果显示虽然严重颈动脉狭窄病人LA的严重程度更高,但与脑血流减少无关,提示脑血管狭窄所致的脑白质病变有可能是因为小血管病变引起的。在颈动脉粥样硬化导致血管狭窄的同时不能排除远端小血管动脉粥样硬化疾病的存在,所以有些研究人员认为颈动脉狭窄可伴有但不直接引起慢性缺血性小血管病相关脑白质疏松症[4445]。另有研究表明,大动脉狭窄与LA及其严重程度没有明显的相关性[40,46]。
大动脉粥样硬化与LA之间也存在紧密的联系。多项研究结果表明,不稳定型斑块与LA的发生、发展有显著的相关性[4748]。AMMIRATI等[38]采用前瞻性研究方法证明,溃疡斑块的存在与LA的发生有关。SABA等[49]的研究结果也表明,脂质型斑块相较于钙化型斑块更能增加LA的风险。这可能与不稳定型斑块引起的动脉到动脉的栓塞有关。LUCATELLI等[50]进行的回顾性研究显示,颈动脉内中膜厚度的变化与LA体积显著相关,并可作为脑血管风险的一个标志。BENASSAYAG等[51]通过对颈动脉内中膜厚度、斑块的超声检测发现,LA与内中膜厚度、颈动脉斑块有显著相关性,进一步证明在缺血性脑卒中病人中,LA与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的紧密关联。
各研究結果的不一致可能与研究方法、样本选取、病变检测方法、LA严重程度及血管狭窄的评价标准等不同有关。此外,许多研究所采用磁共振血管造影(MRA)的方法可能会对血管狭窄进行过度评价。
5展望
LA严重影响着人们的健康,尤其是老年人,易增加卒中和痴呆的风险。众多研究表明,LA是缺血性脑卒中(特别是腔隙性脑梗死)的预测因素[7,52],对LA及时干预可能会成为预防缺血性脑卒中的新策略。LA的防治除了控制众多危险因素外,针对其致病机制的有效干预有望为我们提供新的思路。随着医学影像技术的发展,对于LA的严重程度的评估多采用定量体积测量方法,这种方法较视觉评定量表准确度高。对于血管狭窄程度的评估还要区分数字减影血管造影(DSA)、CTA、MRA及血管超声等,虽然DSA是血管狭窄评价的金标准,但是作为一种有创检查,存在一定的局限性。未来关于两者关系的研究应该在临床数据收集和成像数据分析方面做更严谨的设计,同时需增加一些脑灌注成像的证据,将大动脉狭窄、脑灌注、LA三者联系起来研究,以期增加结果可靠性。
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(本文編辑刘宁黄建乡)