脑白质疏松症对急性缺血性卒中患者影响的Meta分析
2018-05-15付敏郡赵亚亚蒋珍秀
付敏郡,胡 郎,赵亚亚,蒋珍秀,刘 宁
卒中是目前世界上第三大死亡原因,好发于中老年人,具有发病率高、病死率高、致残率高等特点。急性缺血性卒中(AIS)是卒中的主要类型,会危及患者的生命安全,影响患者的生活质量。脑白质疏松症(LA)又称脑白质高信号,是指分布于脑室周围、大脑皮质下白质及半卵圆中心的弥漫性病灶或散在病灶[1]。研究表明,LA是缺血性卒中、脑出血及痴呆的独立危险因素[2]。目前,LA对AIS患者影响的研究报道较多,但尚存在较大争议[3]。本研究采用Meta分析方法评估LA对AIS患者的影响,旨在为临床诊疗提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 文献纳入与排除标准
1.1.1 文献纳入标准 (1)研究类型:病例对照研究。(2)研究对象:符合《各类脑血管疾病诊断要点》[4]中的AIS诊断标准,经颅脑CT或MRI检查确诊;发病时间≤1周;性别、年龄不限。(3)暴露因素:经颅脑CT或MRI检查证实存在LA,有明确的LA严重程度分级方法。(4)结局指标:改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)评分、颅内出血转化发生率、症状性颅内出血[5]发生率、病死率、卒中复发率及血管再通率。
1.1.2 文献排除标准 (1)重复文献;(2)文献质量较差或存在数据雷同等无法利用的文献;(3)原始数据不完整的文献;(4)综述;(5)基础研究。
1.2 检 索 策 略 计 算 机 检 索 PubMed、EMBase、Web of Science(WOS)、The Cochrane Library、万方数据知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和中国知网(CNKI)等,检索时间为建库至2017-11-30。中文检索词为“脑白质疏松症、脑白质高信号、脑白质损伤、脑小血管病、急性缺血性脑卒中、急性脑梗死”;英文检索词为“leukoaraiosis、white matter hyperintensities、cerebral small vascular diseases、white matter lesions、acute ischemic stroke”。
1.3 数据提取 由2位研究人员根据文献纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取信息并进行方法学质量评价,如遇分歧则讨论解决或交由第三方裁定。依据PICO原则(P:研究对象;I:干预措施;C:对照;O:结局指标)设计信息提取表,提取内容包括文献的基本信息(第一作者、发表年份)、受试人群基本特征(例数、中位年龄)、干预措施、结局指标。
1.4 文献质量评价 采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS)[6]进行文献质量评价,从对象选择、可比性、结局和暴露3方面进行评价,满分9分,NOS评分5~9分为文献质量较高。
1.5 统计学方法 采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析,计数资料采用OR及其95%CI进行分析,计量资料采用MD及其95%CI进行分析。各文献间统计学异质性分析采用χ2检验,I2>50%且P<0.1表明各文献间有统计学异质性,采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析;I2≤50%且P≥0.1表明各文献间无统计学异质性,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。绘制倒漏斗图以分析发表偏倚。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 检索结果及纳入文献质量评价 共检索相关文献988篇,排除重复文献311篇,阅读文题及摘要后排除612篇文献,阅读全文后排除36篇文献,最终纳入29篇文献[7-35],其中英文文献28篇,中文文献1篇,包括15 883例患者,NOS评分均≥6分,文献质量较高,详见表1。文献筛选流程见图1。
表1 纳入文献的基本特征及质量评价Table 1 Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of the involved literatures
2.2 Meta分析结果
2.2.1 mRS 评 分 17 篇 文 献[9-10,13,17,19-23,25-26,28-33]报道了mRS评分,各文献间有统计学异质性(P<0.000 01,I2=81%),采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,有LA组患者mRS评分高于无LA组,差异有统计学意义〔MD=1.71,95%CI(1.29,2.27),P=0.000 2,见图 2〕。
2.2.2 BI评分 3 篇文献[12,30,33]报道了 BI评分,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.47,I2=0%),采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,有LA组患者BI评分低于无LA组,差异有统计学意义〔MD=2.51,95%CI(1.62,3.88),P<0.000 1,见图 3〕。
2.2.3 颅内出血转化发生率 5 篇文献[7,9,15,24,27]报道了颅内出血转化发生率,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.19,I2=34%),采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,有LA组患者颅内出血转化发生率高于无LA组,差异有统计学意义〔OR=1.34,95%CI(1.15,1.58),P=0.000 3,见图 4〕。
2.2.4 症状性颅内出血发生率 5 篇文献[16,18,29,34-35]报道了症状性颅内出血发生率,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.13,I2=43%),采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,有LA组患者症状性颅内出血发生率高于无LA组,差异有统计学意义〔OR=1.69,95%CI(1.31,2.19),P<0.000 1,见图 5〕。
2.2.5 病死率 4 篇文献[9,11,25,33]报道了病死率,各文献间有统计学异质性(P=0.004,I2=77%),采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,两组患者病死率比较,差异无统计学意义〔OR=1.11,95%CI(0.66,1.85),P=0.69,见图 6〕。
2.2.6 卒中复发率 2 篇文献[8,14]报道了卒中复发率,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.41,I2=0%),采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;结果显示,有LA组患者卒中复发率高于无LA 组,差异有统计学意义〔OR=1.55,95%CI(1.26,1.91),P<0.000 1,见图 7〕。
2.2.7 血管再通率 2 篇文献[9,25]报道了血管再通率,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.39,I2=0%),采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;两组患者血管再通率比较,差异无统计学意义〔OR=1.04,95%CI(0.74,1.45),P=0.83,见图 8〕。
2.3 发表偏倚 绘制倒漏斗图分析报道mRS评分文献的发表偏倚,结果显示,散点分布不对称,多数散点位于中下部,提示报道mRS评分文献的发表偏倚可能较大(见图9)。因报道其他结局指标的文献数量较少,倒漏斗图分析误差较大,故未绘制倒漏斗图。
图1 文献筛选流程Figure 1 Flow chart for literature screening
图2 无/有LA组患者mRS评分比较的森林图Figure 2 Forest plot for comparison of mRS score in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
图3 无/有LA组患者BI评分比较的森林图Figure 3 Forest plot for comparison of BI score between without LA group and LA group
图4 无/有LA组患者颅内出血转化发生率比较的森林图Figure 4 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of intracranial hemorrhagic transformation in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
图5 无/有LA组患者症状性颅内出血发生率比较的森林图Figure 5 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
图6 无/有LA组患者病死率比较的森林图Figure 6 Forest plot for comparison of fatality rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
图7 无/有LA组患者卒中复发率比较的森林图Figure 7 Forest plot for comparison of recurrent rate of stroke in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
3 讨论
LA是由Hachinski在1987年首次提出的一个影像学诊断术语,用来描述脑皮质下白质CT密度灶,多见于老年人[36]。LA在T2加权像与液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列表现为白质高信号,病变部位小血管管壁出现增厚、透明样变,导致血管曲折、狭窄,造成管腔内血流量减少,不利于卒中患者侧支循环的建立[2]。LIN等[37]研究结果显示,非痴呆人群LA发生率约为73.0%,40~80岁住院患者LA发生率约为58.3%,>80岁住院患者LA发生率约为82.7%。研究表明,LA与痴呆、残疾、卒中等关系密切[38]。多项研究表明,LA是脑小血管相关性疾病,主要病理表现为不同程度的髓鞘和轴突脱失、小动脉硬化和轻微的神经胶质细胞增生等[39-40]。
图8 无/有LA组患者血管再通率比较的森林图Figure 8 Forest plot for comparison of vascular recanalization rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
图9 报道mRS评分文献发表偏倚的倒漏斗图Figure 9 Inverted funnel plot for publication bias of involved literatures reported mRS score
AIS合并LA患者上皮细胞、星形胶质细胞损伤及氧化应激反应会破坏血管内皮细胞完整性,使血-脑脊液屏障通透性增加,同时LA区域脑微循环长期损伤会诱发缺血组织出血转化[41-42]。研究表明,卒中后梗死灶面积扩大会影响患者预后,而LA是梗死灶面积扩大的独立危险因素[3]。RYU等[43]通过对5 000例卒中患者进行研究发现,卒中合并LA患者神经功能损伤较重,且治疗3个月后患者神经功能改善效果较差。SENDA等[44]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者神经功能损伤较重、认知功能较差,会严重影响患者的生活质量。多项研究表明,有LA的卒中患者溶栓治疗后出血转化发生率高于无LA的卒中患者[45-47]。KUMRAL等[48]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者卒中复发率高于未合并LA者。
本Meta分析结果显示,有LA组患者mRS评分高于无LA组,提示AIS合并LA患者神经功能损伤较重;有LA组患者BI评分低于无LA组,提示AIS合并LA患者日常生活活动能力较差;有LA组患者颅内出血转化发生率、症状性颅内出血发生率、卒中复发率高于无LA组,与既往研究结果一致[8],提示AIS合并LA患者颅内出血转化发生率、症状性颅内出血发生率、卒中复发率较高;两组患者病死率、血管再通率间无差异,与既往研究结果一致[49]。
本Meta分析的局限性:(1)纳入文献均为病例对照研究,且多为单中心研究,可能降低结果的可信性;(2)纳入文献均为已发表文献,未检索相关会议论文等,可能对研究结果产生一定影响。
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