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基于语篇和语境的高中英语语法复习教学实践与探究

2018-05-14黄建

英语学习·教师版 2018年11期
关键词:问题的提出语篇语境

摘 要:在传统英语语法复习教学中,教师往往强调语法规则讲解,注重让学生做题。在这样的教学模式下,学生虽掌握了基本语法规则,但实际应用能力仍较差,导致课堂效率低下。针对此问题,笔者尝试将语法复习教学置于主题语境中,以名词性从句复习课为例,采用语篇形式呈现。本文通过分析一节语法复习公开课的教学课例,以“ 一桩偷窃案”为情景载体,探讨基于语篇和语境的高中英语语法高效复习策略。

关键词:语篇;语境;语法复习;名词性从句

问题的提出

作为巩固语法教学成果的重要环节,语法复习教学一直受到教师们的重视。然而在听课教研活动中,笔者发现语法复习课堂主要存在以下问题:

1. 机械操练,缺乏语境

教师主要采用“讲(讲解语法规则)—练(完成单句语法填空题或语法选择题)—评(教师对学生的问题点评)”这种单一的教学方式。长期的单句操练不利于学生形成语篇意识。教师过分强调语法项目的机械操练,把语法项目的意义和运用与语境分离,没有为学生创造语言实践的机会。最终,学生的语法学习只停留在语言的浅层,学到的語法知识不能内化为实际运用能力,更无法与他们的实际生活联系起来。

2. 情景孤立,缺乏关联性

教师在语法复习课中也设置了不少情景,但情景之间的联系往往不够紧密。由此导致整堂课变成多项任务的堆砌,缺乏连贯性、逻辑性和整体性,复习课最终演变成了“习题课”。

3. 定位不清晰,教学目标混乱

相对于新授课的基础性,语法复习课更强调语法项目的系统性、完整性、层次性和实际运用。教师如果没有意识到这点,往往就会把语法复习课上成了新授课,把大量的时间花在学生已经掌握的语法规则和基础性的单句填词练习上,未能结合语境进行整合设计,导致知识的广度和深度不够。一节课下来,学生除了会做几道填空题外,还是对语法项目的用法一头雾水,更谈不上运用。

语法教学理论

Larsen-Freeman(2009)把语法技能的概念界定为:语法技能就是准确、有意义、得体地使用语法结构的能力。《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》(以下简称为“《课标》”)提出,学生应意识到,在语言使用中,语法知识是“形式—意义—使用”的统一体,学习语法的最终目的是在语境中有效地运用语法知识来理解和表达意义(中华人民共和国教育部,2018)。高中阶段的英语语法知识学习应在更加丰富的语境中通过各种学习和实践活动来进一步巩固。学生要学会在语境中理解和运用新的语法知识,进一步发展英语语法意识。

同时,《课标》也提出语法项目应置于语篇中呈现(中华人民共和国教育部,2018)。由此可见,语法技能的培养不能止步于单句操练,我们还必须将语法技能放在不同语篇和情景中加以运用。语言学习是与情景相联系的,语法教学应重视创设语境,让学生在真实的语境中获得大量的可理解性输入。同时,教师应针对不同的语法项目及其特点,基于语境来设计合理可行的教学活动,以既有层次又强调整合的多种教学活动促进学生对语法项目的理解,从而提升他们的语法运用能力。

本文将以笔者执教的一节名词性从句复习课为例,探讨基于语篇和语境的高中英语语法复习教学实践。

基于语篇和语境的高中英语语法复习课例分析

1. 教学内容分析

本课例是人教版《英语》高二下学期的语法复习课。本课涉及的单元语法项目是名词性从句,包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类。这是高中英语语法学习的重难点,对学生提高句子结构意识、提升句子写作水平有重要的作用。根据《课标》的精神,笔者对该语法项目的能力要求具体描述如下:

(1)在语篇中恰当地理解和使用宾语从句(必修);

(2)在语篇中恰当地理解和使用主语从句和表语从句(选择性必修);

(3)在语篇中恰当地理解同位语从句结构并使用其传递意义,以取得一定的修饰效果(选修提高类)。

备注:必修课程是所有高中学生都必须学习的课程,为他们未来的发展奠定了基础;选择性必修课程是有升学要求的高中学生必须学习的课程,也供有个性发展需求的学生选修。学生在完成选择性必修课程后,方可参加高考。选修提高类课程是在必修和选择性必修课程的基础上设计的拓展、提高和整合性的课程,供特色学校和英语基础扎实的学生选用。

由此可见,掌握宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句是高考的能力要求;掌握同位语从句虽属选修提高类,非高考要求,但能进一步提升尖子生的语言能力,为学生未来的语言发展奠定基础。

2. 学情分析

笔者本次授课的对象是高二文科班的学生,语言基础较好,对英语学习的热情较高。学生已在初中学过宾语从句,在高一上学期再次复习巩固了此语法点;学生在高一下学期初次学习了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,对以上语法项目已基本掌握;学生在高二上学期接触了虚拟语气结构中含名词性从句的结构,进一步巩固了对名词性从句用法的掌握。但鉴于学生的认知水平和教学课时有限,学生对名词性从句的掌握仅停留在简单的单句填空练习上,对其意义和使用方法的掌握不甚理想,对在合适语境中使用名词性从句的方法一窍不通,更没有在语篇中运用名词性从句的意识。

按照教学进度,学生在高二下学期的语法学习重点是将在必修课程中学过的所有语法知识进行一次复习和梳理。通过语法复习,学生能了解名词性从句四个语法项目的内在联系和实际用法。笔者认为,要想高效且生动地把名词性从句的众多考点和用法呈现给学生,教师必须要整合各类名词性从句的用法,这样可以大大加强语法项目间的联系。同时教学要从句子出发,从句到段、最终到篇,让学生在语篇中掌握名词性从句在具体语境下的合理使用方法。

3. 教学设计思路

基于《课标》的精神,笔者尝试将语法复习置于语境中,整节课围绕一条主线展开。主线即是任务层层推进的情景线,而学生对语法技能的掌握和巩固则是此课的隐性语法线。随着关联情景的推移,学生自主参与并完成一个个由简到繁、由易到难、前后相连、层层深入的具体任务,逐步掌握并巩固名词性从句的形式、意义和用法。

在教学设计中,笔者以“一桩偷窃案”为主题设计了四个任务:find out

what happened—look for some clues from a note—report the theft—notice from the police(见下表)。前三个任务分项复习1?2个名词性从句类型,最后综合输出。笔者所设计的练习层层递进,从句子到对话、到段、到篇。同时,不同形式的操练也使语境变得更加生动、真实和有效。每个环节结束后,笔者都会对该类从句的特征及用法进行小结,将隐性语法教学和显性语法教学相结合,这样更有助于学生理解和掌握语法项目。

4. 教学目标

在本课学习结束时,学生能够:(1)正确判断名词性从句的类型,正确选择并使用恰当的连接词;

(2)掌握名詞性从句在虚拟语气结构中的用法;

(3)在语篇中理解并在合理语境中使用名词性从句。

5. 教学重点

在本课中,教师的教学重点在于指导学生:

(1)能在语篇中判断名词性从句的类型并使用恰当的连接词;

(2)能在写作中恰当运用名词性从句。

6. 教学难点

学生如何能快速判断从句类型、区分同位语从句和定语从句,并在写作中合理运用名词性从句。

教学过程

Step1

情景·任务1:“小偷入屋盗窃”

T: Hey, guys! You know what? I felt really upset today, because something bad happened yesterday evening.

Ss: What happened?

T: Id like to show you a few pictures and youll see what happened. (Several pictures of a great mess are shown.)

Ss: A theft.

T: Yeah. Now please read the basic plot of the story and tell me the details about what has happened to my house. While reading, fill in the blanks.

Time: That was ①________ I was eating out yesterday evening.

Place: The place was ②________ I lived.

Person: The thief is③_______ went into my house and stole my belongings.

Detail 1: The reason why I felt puzzled was ④______ neither the door nor the windows were broken.

Detail 2: My house is not ⑤_______ it used to be, but in a terrible mess after the theft.

(参考答案:①when; ② where;③who; ④that; ⑤what)

T: Now, can anyone tell the whole class what happened?

S1: Yesterday evening, when you were eating outside, a thief broke into your house and made a great mess.

T: Yeah. But what puzzled me was how the thief managed to get in? You are the one who can help me. Can you work in pairs and figure out the possible reasons with the structures on the screen (如上图所示)?

S1: Maybe its because you didnt close the window before you went out.

S2: The reason why the thief managed to get in is that he had copied your key and opened the door.

Ss: Thats why the windows and door are OK.

[设计意图]

导入话题,激发学生兴趣。表语从句虽为学生高中阶段接触的语法知识,但结构较简单,学生容易理解并掌握,适合作为本课的导入。笔者尝试创设情景“小偷入屋盗窃”以激发学生兴趣,同时在学生活动环节中渗透目标语法(表语从句),让学生在不知不觉中接触目标语法并理解其意义,为下一个教学环节作好情景铺垫。为了巩固表语从句的语法知识,笔者让学生讨论并说出“小偷入屋盗窃”的原因,引导学生使用表语从句。最后,笔者与学生一起归纳表语从句的特征及用法。在这个环节中,笔者考查了学生对表语从句连接词that,特殊疑问词when、what等,以及固定句式“the reason why… is that…”等的使用情况。这些知识属常考点,但学生易出错。通过“句—段(对话)”的过渡逐层递进,学生能更好地理解表语从句。

Step 2

情景·任务2:“小偷留下的便条”

T: Much to my surprise, I found a note on the fridge. It must have been left by the thief. But it is poorly written. Can you read the note and help me correct the mistakes so that I can understand it?

Dear Mr House owner,

Im the thief.① News came that there would be a newcomer the other day and so I came.② Have you settled the question that I managed to get inside? Well, I have something to say:

③ Firstly, there was no doubt if you are very lazy, because the house was in a real mess;④ Besides, I was surprised at the fact that which the beer in your fridge was bought two years ago.⑤ Much to my disappointment, the thought you were a rich person was absolutely wrong, for there was too little money in your house…⑥ Finally, I have a suggestion that your house is cleaned, since it was too dirty.

⑦ Id given you a warning what I would come, but it is a pity that the warning that I gave you was not noticed.

(参考答案: ①正确;② that改how;③ if改that;④ which去掉;⑤thought后加that;⑥ is改be;⑦ 第一个warning后what改that)

[设计意图]

学生无论从概念上还是从结构上都比较难理解同位语从句。因此笔者在此处设计了改错题,意在让学生懂得辨认。语篇中呈现的主要错误是连词误用,例如:that和特殊疑问词的混用;that遗漏;连词的重复(双连接词);某些特殊句型的不当用法(“there is no doubt that…”“be surprised at the fact that…”“the thought that…”)及虚拟语气结构中“have a suggestion that…(should) +动词原形”的不当用法。上述都是学生的易错点和知识盲点。

在对同位语从句进行小结后,笔者接着进入that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别讲解。这一知识点属于高考常考点,学生必须掌握。笔者对以下两个句子进行重点辨析:

(1)Id given you a warning that I would come;

(2)But the warning that I gave you was not noticed.

Attention:

第一句that ______,从句是_____;

第二句that _____,从句是_____ 。

(参考答案:第1句that 无意义,不可省,从句是同位语从句;第二句that指代前面的先行词,从句是定语从句。)

通过讲解,学生再次回顾了that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别,也掌握了辨认技巧。

Step 3

情景·任务3:“立案”

T: Thanks for your help. What do you think I should do?

Ss: Report it to the police.

T: I think so, too. Now Ive written a letter. However, there are some words Im not quite sure about. Could you help me fill

in the blanks so that the whole letter can be better understood?

(参考答案:① that; ② that; ③whether; ④ What; ⑤ Why; ⑥ who)

总结:1. 位于动词或介词后充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句,引导的连接词有:that、特殊疑问词、whether/ if。2. 充当主语的句子叫主语从句,引导的连接词有:that、特殊疑问词、whether。

[设计意图]

在此环节,学生通過快速阅读信件,判断所缺成分,结合语境,填入合适的连接词。本环节考查的知识点是易错考点。笔者在校对答案之后,对以上几个句子的从句类型进行了归纳,并对宾语从句和主语从句的连接词进行归类梳理。

Step 4

情景·任务4:“警察给小区居民的告示”

T: Since the Spring Festival is approaching, we should be careful about the thieves. After receiving the report, the police have put up a warning notice. Read and discuss about it. Try to use noun clauses. After your discussion, please complete the suggestions for the local residents. Any reasonable suggestion is welcome.

Dear Mr Police,

Im writing to report a theft. It happened at around 6 to 8 yesterday evening when I was eating out. When I arrived home, everywhere I looked, it was in a terrible mess. ①I have checked everything in my house and discovered my friends watch was gone and ______ some money was stolen, too. ②Its strange ______ the beer that was out-of-date should be taken away. ③Im worried about ________ the thief will come back again to get more. ④________ puzzled me most was how the thief managed to get inside, as neither the lock nor the windows were broken.⑤________ I was that unlucky one to be chosen was the question that had puzzled me now!!! ⑥Please help me find out _______ did it ASAP!

A worried resident

Dear residents,

Its reported that theres a growing number of thefts in this district, which has been quite disturbing. In order to protect ourselves as well as our houses, Id like to put forward a few suggestions that I hope might be useful to you:

(学生先自主讨论,然后写作,教师走到学生身边给予指导和鼓励。)

A possible version:

Dear residents,

Its reported that theres a growing number of thefts in this district, which has been quite disturbing. In order to protect ourselves as well as our houses, Id like to put forward a few suggestions that I hope might be useful to you:

Firstly, its highly recommended that everything valuable such as jewelry, money should be kept in a safe place. Whats more, its also important that the door and windows should be locked before you go out and its suggested that you should stay at home after 10 pm. Finally, what Id like to suggest is that you shouldnt talk too much to the strangers and its better to ask someone to keep an eye on your house especially when youll be away for a long time.

[設计意图]

本环节笔者采用先说后写的方式让学生以小组为单位谈论防盗建议。笔者引导学生使用名词性从句的句型,结合高考应用文写作体裁,灵活运用本课所复习的目标语法。笔者还鼓励学生输出含有名词性从句表示建议的句子,将语法知识落实到写作中。

反思

在本节语法复习课中,笔者根据“一桩偷窃案”这个主题创设了四个任务,并利用衔接语和任务之间的关联性将四个任务巧妙地、自然地串联起来,凸显了语法复习的整合性。学生自始至终都在语境下复习目标语法,在语篇中体会语法的用途,积极参加小组交流,提高语法技能,最终形成语言运用能力。

因此,要想高效地进行语法复习教学,教师既要从巩固语言形式的角度考虑,也要从实际使用的语境和意义考虑,运用不同层次的活动形式(朱晓燕,2011),设计各种形式的语言任务,引导学生反复不断地感知、体验和实践,最终达到正确运用目标语法的目的。

总之,语法复习应本着实用的原则,与语言的运用结合起来(程晓堂、郑敏,2002)。基于语篇和语境的语法复习教学以情景任务链为依托,以语言技能的任务和目标语法知识的复习为核心,对学生的学习兴趣和语法能力能产生积极的影响,有利于培养学生的综合语言运用能力。

参考文献

Larsen-Freeman, D. 2009. 语法教学:从语法到语法技能 [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.

程晓堂, 郑敏. 2002. 英语学习策略:从理论到实践 [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.

中华人民共和国教育部. 2018. 普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版) [S]. 北京: 人民教育出版社.

朱晓燕. 2011. 英语课堂教学策略——如何有效选择和运用 [M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

黄建,广州市第四中学英语教师。

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