情真意切的情态动词

王琴芳

语言是用来交流的工具，情态动词反映的是说话人在交流过程中的态度和情感。因此，正确使用情态动词很重要。

一、考查推测的情态动词常见有must，ought to，should，can，could，may，might等

（一）对现在动作或状态的推测（以上情态动词+be/do）

1.Liza________well not want to go on the trip—she hates traveling.

2.You________be hungry already—you had lunch only halfan hour ago.

3.It is usually warm in my hometown in March，but it________be rather cold sometimes.

4.—How's your tour around the North Lake？Is it beautiful？

—It________be，but it is now heavily polluted.

5.—I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.

—It________Harry's.He always wears green.

6.—Look，it________be Mr.Zhang.

—No，It________be him.He has gone to Wuhan.

7.Mr.Brush is on time for everything.How________it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？

〖点拨〗从表示推测的语气强弱程度而言：

1.must语气最强，表示“一定，肯定，准是”，只用于肯定句；

2.ought to/should语气次之，译为“应该会，很可能会”，指按常理推测，如：He has learnt to play the piano for three years.He should play the piece of music very well.

3.may，might，could这三个词语气较弱，译为“也许，可能”，句中常有or...or，I'm not sure等信息提示，常用于肯定句或否定句如：He may be asleep or may have gone out，I am not sure.

4.can表示推测常用于否定句和疑问句，表示“不可能”，有时也用于肯定句，表示客观上有某种可能，如：Anyone can make mistakes.

（二）对过去动作或状态的推测（must/may/can/could/might+have done）

1.She________have left school，for her bike is still here.

2.—I can't find my purse anywhere.

—You________have lost it while shopping.

3.—She looks very happy.She________have passed the exam.

—I guess so.It is not too difficult after all.

4.—Where is my dictionary？I remember I put it here yesterday.

—You________it in the wrong place.

〖点拨〗1.“should（not）/ought（not）+have done”不表示对过去的推测，而表示虚拟语气，即“过去本应该做某事却没做或过去本不应该做某事却做了”，有一种责备的口气。

2.“might（not）/could（not）have done”有两层含义：第一、表示对过去的推测，相当于may/can have done；第二、表示虚拟语气，即“过去本可以做某事却没做或本不可以做某事却做了，

例如：①—I'm sorry.I________at you the other day.

—Forget it.I was a bit out of control myself.

A.shouldn't shout B.shouldn't have shouted

C.mustn't shout D.mustn't have shouted

②—I'll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.

—You her last week.

A.ought to tell B.would have told C.must tell D.ought to have told

③Thank you for your hard work last week.I don't think we________it without you.

A.can manage B.could have managed

C.could manage D.can have managed

二、情態动词的其他用法

（一）can，could，may和might的其他用法以及be able toendprint

1.You don't have to know the name of the author to find a book.You________find the book by the title.

2.A computer________think for itself；it must be told what to do.

3.—Could I call you by the first name？

—Yes，you________.

4.The fire spread quickly.Fortunately，everyone in the fire________escape from it.

5.—May I smoke here？

—If you________，choose a seat in the smoking section.

[点拨]1.can，could，may，might还可以表示“请求，许可”，could和might在疑问句中表示更加委婉的语气，对于can，could，may，might疑问句的肯定答复用can/may，或if you must，否定答复用mustn't，can't，may not或Sorry，you'd better not，但不能用could（not），might（not）回答。

2.can表示能力，译为“会，能”，could是过去式。be able to表示有能力并成功地完成，而且可构成多种时态，如：After finishing his courses，he will be able to speak French well.I'm sorry I haven't been able to answer your letter.

（二）must和have to

1.—Must he come to sign this paper himself？

—Yes，he________.

2.Jack，look at the clock，________you play at such later hour？

3.Some aspects of a pilot's job________be boring，and pilots often________work at inconvenient hours.

[点拨]must表示必要性，译为“必须，一定”，否定句mustn't表示绝对禁止。have to表示“必须做，不得不做”，着重于客观需要，而must表示主观需要。另外，have to还可用于多种时态。

（三）will，would，shall，should，ought to，had better

1.John promised his doctor he________not smoke，and he has never smoked ever since.

2.—Mr.Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon.Don't you forget it？

—OK，I________.

3.—What does the sign over there read？

—No person________smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area.

4.—The room is so dirty.________we clean it？

—Of course.

5.—Excuse me，but I want to use your computer to type a report.

—You________have my computer if you don't take care of it.

6.According to the air traffic rules，you________switch off your mobile phone before boarding.

7.It's freezing outside.You________put on your overcoat.

[點拨]1.will表示请求或建议，常和第二人称连用，would更委婉。will和would还可以表示说话人的意愿和决心，常和第一及第三人称连用，would表示过去。will和would表示习惯性动作或某种倾向，would为过去时态，常译成“总是”。如：Fish will die without water.My grandpa would talk to us for hours if you give him the chance.

2.shall用于第一人称或第三人称的疑问句，表示征询对方意见。shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁。shall用于第三人称的条约、规章、法令等文件中，表示义务，意为“应该”。

3.should和ought to表示义务，意为“应该”，ought to比should语气更强烈。

4.had better（not）do表示“最好做/不做”，经常用于提出建议。

（四）need和dare

1.Ineedn't telephone him，for I will visit him soon.

2.—Need I go there now？

—No.You needn't./—Yes.You must

3.The desk needs to be repaired.

4.Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening？

5.He is a brave boy and dares to catch a snake.

6.Do you dare（to）swim in the river？

[点拨]1.need表示“需要”，作为情态动词只用于否定句或疑问句。对于need疑问句的肯定答复和否定答复和must一样，肯定答复用must，否定答复用needn't或don't have to。need作为实义动词，表示需要，可用于任何句型中，后面可以接名词、代词、不定式或动名词。

2.“needn't have done”表示“本不需要做某事却做了”，是一种虚拟语气的表达。

3.dare表示“敢”，作为情态动词，通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中；作为实义动词，在肯定句中要接to，在否定句或疑问句中可省略to。endprint