常见金属离子对鲍曼不动杆菌生物活性的影响
2018-02-24袁伟曦刘海平曹顺旺余丰陈文芳刘丽雅
袁伟曦 刘海平 曹顺旺 余丰 陈文芳 刘丽雅
[摘要] 鲍曼不动杆菌是医院获得性感染的主要致病菌,临床上多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌日趋增多,抗感染治疗面临困境,亟需寻找能有效抑制鲍曼不动杆菌的方法。金属离子是细菌维持生理进程和毒力活性所必需的,在抗生素出现之前,金属离子就被用于治疗细菌感染。本文通过阐述常见金属离子(铁、锌、锰、铜等)对鲍曼不动杆菌生物活性的影响,旨在使研究者充分认识金属离子的抑菌作用,为治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染提供新思路和依据。
[关键词] 鲍曼不动杆菌;金属离子;生物活性;耐药;毒力
[中图分类号] R446.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0047-04
[Abstract] Acinetobacter baumannii is the main pathogenic bacteria of hospital acquired infection. Multiple drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is rapidly increasing in clinical practice, which leads to a difficulty of anti-infection treatment. It is an urgent need to find better ways to effectively inhibit Acinetobacter baumannii. Metal ions are necessary to sustain the physiological process and keep virulence active in bacteria. They have been used to deal with bacterial infections before the advent of antibiotics. In this review, we focused on the influence of metal ions (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, etc.) on the bioactivity of Acinetobacter baumannii. We aimed to make the researchers fully understand the bacteriostasis of metal ions and supply new ways for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infection.
[Key words] Acinetobacter baumannii; Metal ion; Bioactivity; Drug-resistant;Virulence
鮑曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)是医院获得性感染的重要致病菌,可引起呼吸机相关性肺炎、导管相关性菌血症、软组织感染、尿路感染等[1-2]。由于鲍曼不动杆菌对抗生素的通透性差、获得外源性耐药基因的能力强,多重耐药菌株迅速出现,且数量逐年增多。用于治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(Multi-drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii)的抗生素仅有黏菌素、替加环素等少数几种,且药物毒副作用大,鲍曼不动杆菌致死率居高不下,严重威胁人类的健康,世界卫生组织将其列为优先发展抗生素的第一致病菌。但研发新的抗生素周期长,花费巨大,为了高效快速地控制感染,研究者从多方面着手寻找治疗方法,如研制疫苗[3]、干扰鲍曼不动杆菌毒力因子[4-5]或生理过程[6]等。细菌维持生理进程和感染宿主都需要金属离子,干扰细菌获取金属离子的能力,可影响细菌的代谢和毒力。本文阐述常见金属离子干扰鲍曼不动杆菌生物活性的作用机制,旨在使研究者充分了解金属离子及其螯合剂的市场前景,为抗感染提供思路和依据。
1 铁
铁是鲍曼不动杆菌体内含量最高的必需微量元素。宿主被鲍曼不动杆菌感染后,会通过形成转铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白降低血铁浓度,以抵抗细菌的侵害。为了应对铁不足的环境,鲍曼不动杆菌通过合成嗜铁载体、铁吸收调节蛋白等方式从宿主获得铁,以满足需求。有学者进一步研究鲍曼不动杆菌主动摄取铁的现象,证实铁是调控鲍曼不动杆菌毒力因子相关基因表达的重要信号。铁离子浓度可影响菌毛[7]、生物被膜[8]、OmpA[9]、OmpW[10]、孔蛋白、毒素[11]、磷脂酶C等重要毒力因子。在铁离子受限的环境中,鲍曼不动杆菌菌毛形成量下降,生物被膜形成增多,细菌致病力显著下降,对人体的危害减弱,且与游离状态的细菌相比,该状态下的鲍曼不动杆菌对抗生素更敏感,给抗生素的应用提供更多空间。目前,在治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌时,铁螯合剂2,2′-dipyridyl(DIP)不仅可单独使用[12],还可与黏菌素联合使用[13]。此外,铁离子还可作为抑菌剂的载体,如头孢地尔[14],更好地将抑菌药携带至细菌胞内,充分发挥抗菌药的抑菌作用。综上所述,铁离子主要影响鲍曼不动杆菌环境抵抗力、耐药能力、致病力,干扰铁代谢相关过程,可降低鲍曼不动杆菌的致病率,缓解多重耐药菌株无药可用的困境。
2 锌
锌不仅调控细菌多种转录因子的生成、蛋白的翻译,参与氧化应激、碳代谢等一系列生物进程,还是多种酶的活性中心,对细菌有重要的意义。鲍曼不动杆菌拥有功能强大的锌获取系统ZnuABC,维持锌离子处于最适浓度。在锌限制环境中,锌依赖蛋白的合成障碍,细菌代谢受损,从而抑制细菌生长。高浓度的锌离子则通过改变鲍曼不动杆菌的细胞膜组成,使脂肪酸16∶1n-7含量增高,脂肪酸18∶1n-9降低,细胞膜的流动性改变,鲍曼不动杆菌失去对花生四烯酸[15]等物质的抵抗力,实现抑菌作用。此外,锌离子可影响鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性,主要体现在影响抗生素水解酶的活性和改变鲍曼不动杆菌对某些抗生素的敏感性两个方面。鲍曼不动杆菌对多数β-内酰胺类抗生素天然耐药,而β-内酰胺酶的活性中心都需要锌离子[16],例如介导“超级细菌”耐药的新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶(New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1,NDM-1),锌离子是该酶的活性中心,若无锌离子,NDM-1水解抗生素的活性显著降低。此外,在锌缺乏的条件下,可逆转多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、阿米卡星的耐药性,使其对这些抗生素敏感[17],这可能是因为细菌摄入的锌离子不足,锌离子依赖的抗生素水解酶活性下降,细菌降解抗生素能力减弱,抗生素重新具有抑制或杀灭该细菌的能力,锌离子凭借这一特性可和其他常用抗生素联用,恢复常用抗生素对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的杀灭作用。
3 锰
锰离子参与细菌脂质代谢、蛋白质代谢、碳水化合物代谢等生理进程,还是多种重要酶的辅因子,尤其是氧化还原酶的辅因子,如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶。活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是宿主杀灭细菌的一个重要机制。锰离子作为鲍曼不动杆菌重要的电子供体,能有效地中和活性氧,保护细菌;同时,锰离子也能抵消钙卫蛋白介导的营养免疫的抑制作用和辅助细菌逃避巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞的杀伤作用。锰离子不仅在一定程度上增强鲍曼不动杆菌在宿主体内的生存能力,还能协助细菌抵抗环境中的伤害,如γ射线。锰离子在鲍曼不动杆菌的致病力和耐药能力方面也有重要作用。在致病方面,与野生菌株相比,锰离子转运子缺陷株引起的感染症状出现时间延后1~2 d,致死率下降50%[18]。在耐药方面,富含锰离子的培养基可使鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的耐受性增加,50%最低抑菌浓度增加2~8倍[19]。锰离子参与鲍曼不动杆菌的防御、致病、耐药等重要阶段,有效控制锰离子的摄入,可降低多重耐药菌株的治疗难度。
4 铜
铜离子具有多种氧化状态,两种状态间巨大的势能差使其在电子转移、氧化还原反应中有重要的作用。鲍曼不动杆菌借助铜离子转运体维持铜离子平衡。研究表明,TonB依赖铜离子受体缺陷菌株的生物膜形成能力下降,细胞黏附力降低,疏水性及扩散能力皆改变[20-21],致病力显著下降。而该TonB依赖铜离子受体是一个外膜受体,结构序列相对保守,可成为治疗鲍曼不动杆菌的疫苗所针对的靶目标。少剂量的铜可以作为酶的辅因子存在,但是高浓度的铜离子对细菌有毒性作用,这是因为铜离子可产生羟基自由基,羟基自由基通过与生物分子相互作用,损伤生物分子,妨碍细菌的生长;且铜离子在与其他金属竞争酶结合位点的过程中获胜,影响这些金属酶的活性。研究已经证明铜和铜合金可抑制甚至杀灭鲍曼不动杆菌,且多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对铜及铜合金更敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌存在于医院环境中,寻找免疫低下的宿主,若在醫院中多使用铜或铜合金镀层的家具、器具,可减少环境中鲍曼不动杆菌的数量,从而降低细菌的感染率。
5 其他金属离子
目前,用于抑制鲍曼不动杆菌活性的还有金属离子金[22]、银[23]、钯[24-25]、铂[26],这些贵金属离子抑制或杀灭鲍曼不动杆菌的机制稍有不同,金离子和银离子可通过细菌的细胞膜,与细菌DNA结合,破坏DNA,从而杀死细菌;而钯离子通过产生活性氧杀灭细菌;铂离子则阻碍细菌蛋白质的剪接活性,以达到抑制作用。但是这些贵金属对人体也有毒性作用,且人体耐受量较低,用于抗感染时的使用量要求极高,这给其使用带来巨大挑战。
6 结语与展望
鲍曼不动杆菌耐药能力强,多重耐药菌和泛耐药菌日益增多,给临床治疗带来巨大压力。金属离子治疗细菌感染历史悠久,金属离子干扰细菌代谢和致病力,抑制细菌生长和减缓细菌毒性,实现控制细菌感染的目的。金属离子治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染主要分为两个方面,一方面,高浓度金属离子损伤细菌,发挥抑菌作用;另一方面,螯合或拮抗细菌所必须的金属离子,干扰细菌的正常生理功能,减弱细菌对抗抗生素和机体的抵抗能力,实现抗菌作用。与鲍曼不动杆菌生物活性相关的金属离子多为重金属离子,大量的重金属离子伤害人体,使用量需谨慎。因此,高浓度金属离子抑菌原理多应用在以金属为材料制作医学暂时性植入物,如以锌、铜、银为涂层的抗菌尿管等;金属螯合剂或拮抗剂在抗菌方面的作用已得以证实,同时还发现其在其他方面的作用,如铁螯合剂具有抗氧化应激、改善组织供血等作用,锌螯合剂可缓解缺血再灌注神经损伤。金属离子用于抑制鲍曼不动杆菌活性时,尚有用量、毒副作用等挑战,但金属离子成为抗菌药物中的重要成员的潜力巨大。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-10 本文編辑:封 华)