用“还原—补缺—看成分”三步法选用关系词

谭家龙

定语从句是高中英语语法学习中的重点和难点，也是高考中的一个常考点。在语法填空和短文改错中是经常考查的。在语法填空中要求考生填一个恰当的关系词，短文改错要求考生判断关系词是否用错了，即考查的焦点是关系词。笔者指导考生采用“还原——补缺——看成分”三步法选用关系词，效果较好。

还原：就是将先行词放回到定语从句中。

补缺：（1）放回定语从句中之后，若该句为一个完整的句子，不需要再加其他成分（在从句中作主语或宾语）时，填who， which或that；（2）有的需要补充所有格或介词，结构和意思才完整，需要补上所有格（用作定语）时，用whose，需补充介词（用作状语）时，根据情况用when， where或why（先行词仅限reason）。

看成分：就是看先行词或先行词与补充的部分一起在句中作何种成分，作主语或宾语用who， which或that，作定语用whose，作状语用when， where或why。

[例1]A plane is a machine _______ can fly.

还原：The machine can fly.

补缺：不用补，结构和意思已完整。

成分：the machine在句中作主语，指物，用which或that。

[例2]The boy _______ broke the window is called Tom.

还原：The boy broke the window.

补缺：还原后句子的结构和意思完整，不补缺。

看成分：在句中作主语，指人，用who或that。

[例3]The fish _______ we bought this morning were not fresh.

还原：We bought the fish this morning.

补缺：还原后句子的结构和意思完整，不补缺。

看成分：在句中作宾语，指物，用which或that或省略不用关系代词。

结论：當代表先行词的关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语时，不需补缺，指人时用who， whom或that，指物时用which或that。另外，作宾语时可省略。

[例4]The boy _______ parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.

还原：The boy s parents are dead.

补缺：还原后，“the boy parents （那个男孩父母）”意义不完整，需补上一个所有格，变成“the boys parents（那个男孩的父母）”才通顺。

看成分：the boys在句中作定语，用whose。

结论： 当还原后，句子意思不完整，需补上一个所有格时，引导该定语从句的关系词用whose。注意，whose后面紧跟一个名词，whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

[例5]I still remember the day _______ I came here.

还原：I came here on the day.

补缺：还原后句子不完整，需补上一个介词on。

看成分：on the day做状语，表时间，所以用when。

[例6]This is the house _______ I lived last year.

还原：I lived in the house last year.

补缺：还原后句子不完整，需补上一个介词in。

看成分：in the house做状语，表地点，所以用where。

[例7]There are many reasons _______ people like traveling.

还原：people like traveling for many reasons.

补缺：还原后句子不完整，需补上一个介词for。

看成分：for many reasons做状语，表原因，所以用why。

结论：当还原后，句子意思不完整，需补上一个介词时，该引导定语从句的关系词用when， where或why，分别表示时间、地点和原因。

请用以上方法做以下对比练习

1. She lived in the house _______ she used to live.

2. She lived in the house _________she used to live in.

3. She lived in the house _________she used to visit.

4. She lived in the house _________windows were broken.

5. This is the house _____the teacher want to buy.

6. This is the house _____a fire broke out last year.

7. This is the shop _____sells childrens clothing.

8. This is the shop _____we bought a pen last year.

9. The man _____is talking with my mother is my father.

10. The man _____ my mother is talking with is my father.

11. The man _____ hair is white is my father.

参考答案

1. where；2. that，which或不填；3. that，which或不填；4.whose 5. that，which或不填； 6. where 7. that或which； 8. where 9. who或that； 10. who，whom，that或不填 ；11. whoseendprint