玩转“四大金刚”——详解英语句子的种类

陈传光供稿

英语句子按其用途可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。我们暂且称之为“四大金刚”，这期我们就给同学们总结归纳一下。只要我们能熟练玩转这“四大金刚”，很多问题就能迎刃而解啦。

一、陈述句

陈述句是用来陈述或说明某一事实或某种观点的句子，包括肯定句和否定句两种。

【练习导航】

将下列句子改为否定句，每空一词。

1. He has already finished his homework.

He ________ ________ his homework ________.

2. She came here last week.

She ________ ________ here last week.

3. Lily seems to be ill.

Lily ________ ________ to be ill.

4. There will be a lot of tourists to our city in the future.

________ ________ be a lot of tourists to our city in the future.

5. My mother is washing the dishes in the kitchen.

My mother ________ ________ the dishes in the kitchen.6. You must clean your room now.

You ________ ________ ________ clean your room now.

【指点迷津】

肯定句变为否定句时要注意以下几点：

◆含有be动词、助动词、情态动词的肯定句变为否定句时，直接在上述动词后加not。当must作“必须”讲时，其否定形式应为don’t have to或needn’t。

◆含有行为动词的肯定句变为否定句时，要根据相应的人称和时态，借助助动词do/does/did+not进行改写。

二、疑问句

疑问句可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

【练习导航】

1. 按要求完成下列句子，每空一词。

(1) He has been to the Great Wall three times. （改为一般疑问句并做否定回答）

________ he ________ to the Great Wall three times? ________, he ________.

(2) I can answer this question easily. （改为一般疑问句并做肯定回答）

________ you ________ this question easily? ________, I ________.

(3) Tom often helps us. （对画线部分提问）

________ often ________ you?

(4) They often play basketball after school. （对画线部分提问）

________ ________ they often ________ after school?

(5) He has fifty books in his study. （对画线部分提问）

________ ________ books ________ he ________ in his study?

(6) Are you good at Chinese? （用English改为选择疑问句）

Are you good at Chinese ________ ________?

2. 完成下列反意疑问句，每空一词。

(1) He had milk and eggs for breakfast, ________ ________?

(2) Those are beautiful flowers, ________ ________?

(3) Mary can’t do it alone, ________ ________?

(4) Everybody can do it, ________ ________?

(5) There is a big tree in front of your classroom, ________ ________?(6) Something is wrong with your car, ________ ________?

(7) He is never late for school, ________ ________?

(8) Let’s have a rest, ________ ________?

(9) Don’t speak loudly in the library, ________ ________?

(10) I think millions of people know about Susan Boyle now, ________ ________?

【指点迷津】

◆一般疑问句

一般疑问句通常用yes或no来回答。陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如果谓语动词中含有be动词、助动词或情态动词，则直接把它们提到句首；如果谓语动词是行为动词，则根据人称和时态，在句首加Do、Does或Did，并将行为动词变为原形。

◆特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句是就句中某一部分进行提问的句子。疑问词包括what、who、whom、whose、which、when、where、why、how等。如果疑问词在句中做主语或主语的定语，疑问句的语序与陈述句语序相同，如：Who is playing the piano?（作主语）/Whose pen is missing（作主语的定语）；如果疑问词在句中做其他成分，则用“疑问词+一般疑问句”结构。

◆选择疑问句

选择疑问句一般提出两种或两种以上的可能，问哪种情况属实。其结构可用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，供选择的最后一个部分用or与前面的部分相连接。回答时不用yes或no，而是根据具体情况直接作答。

◆反意疑问句

反意疑问句由一个陈述句和一个附加问句组成。以下几点需特别注意：

(1) 如果陈述句的主语是表示事物的不定代词，附加问句的主语用it；如果是表示人的不定代词，附加问句的主语用he或they。

(2) 如果陈述句中有hardly、nothing、never、little、few、nobody、neither等表示否定意义的词，附加问句要用肯定形式。

(3) 祈使句的附加问句一般是在句尾加will (won’t) you，但以let’s开头的祈使句，其附加问句要用shall we。

(4) 如果陈述句是“I (don’t) think/believe/suppose/imagine +（that）引导的宾语从句”，附加问句的主语应与宾语从句的主语保持一致。

三、祈使句

祈使句是表示命令或请求的句子。它的主语是you（听话人），通常不说出。

【练习导航】

1. 根据汉语意思完成下列句子，每空一词。

(1) 我来帮你吧。

________ ________ help you.

(2) 我们休息一下吧。

________ ________ a rest.

(3) 让她走吧。

________ ________ go.

(4) 要永远记住那个可怕的日子。

________ ________ that terrible day.

(5) 务必告诉他这个消息。

________ ________ him the news!

2. 单项选择。

( ) (1) ________ this kind of peach, and you will like it.

A. To try B. Trying C. Try D. Tried

( ) (2) ________ the radio, please. The baby is sleeping now.

A. Not turn on B. Don’t turn on C. Not turn down D. Don’t turn down

( ) (3) —________ late for school again, Jim!

—Sorry, I promise that I ________.

A. Don’t; won’t B. Don’t be; won’t C. Don’t be; don’t D. Don’t; will

( ) (4) Boys and girls, ________ up your hands if you want to go for a picnic this weekend.

A. putting B. to put C. put D. puts

( ) (5) —Please bring your homework to school tomorrow, Jack.

—OK, I ________.

A. will B. won’t C. do D. don’t

【指点迷津】

◆肯定结构的祈使句常以谓语动词的原形开头。

◆否定结构的祈使句常在谓语动词的原形前加上Don’t。

◆以let引导的祈使句，有以下几种情况：

(1)“Let me+动词原形”，意为“让我……”。

(2)“Let’s+动词原形”，意为“让我们……”，表示建议或请求。

(3)“Let+第三人称作宾语+动词原形”，意为“让……”，表示愿望、命令或允许。

◆在开头的动词原形前加Do（务必）或Always（永远），表示强调。

四、感叹句

感叹句是用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子，通常由how或what来引导。

【练习导航】

1. 按要求完成下列句子，每空一词。

(1) These flowers are very beautiful. （改为感叹句）________ ________ these flowers are!

(2) It’s a funny story. （改为感叹句）________ ________ ________ story it is!

(3) They are running fast. （改为感叹句）________ ________ they are running!

(4) I have read a very interesting book. （改为感叹句）________ ________ ________ book I have read!

(5) What a good girl she is! （改为同义句）________ ________ the girl is!

(6) How delicious the food is! （改为同义句）________ ________ food it is!

2. 单项选择。

( ) (1) What a friendly person ________! We all like talking with him.

A. is it B. is he C. it is D. he is

( ) (2) ________ swimming in this river!

A. How great fun B. What great fun C. How a great fun D. What a great fun

( ) (3) ________ sad news it is! We must try our best to help them out of trouble.

A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

( ) (4) ________ lovely day! Let’s go for a walk.

A. What a B. What C. How a D. How

( ) (5) ________ man he is!

A. What strange a B. How a strange C. What a strange D. What strange

( ) (6) ________ the soup tastes!

A. How good B. How well C. What good D. What well

( ) (7) ________ interesting it is to swim in the sea!

A. How B. What a C. What D. How a

( ) (8) ________ great time we had last week!

A. How B. How a C. What D. What a

【指点迷津】

◆what通常修饰名词，引导的感叹句结构为：

1. What+a(n)+形容词+可数名词的单数形式（+主语+谓语+其他）!

2. What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式（+主语+谓语+其他）!

3. What+形容词+不可数名词（+主语+谓语+其他）!

◆how通常修饰形容词或副词，引导的感叹句结构为：

How+形容词或副词（+主语+谓语+其他）!