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熟悉七选五命题特点,轻松得高分

2018-01-25湖北

教学考试(高考英语) 2018年6期
关键词:小标题主旨段落

湖北

七选五之于全国卷并非新题型,早在1996年全国高考英语试卷中就已经出现了该题型的原型——补全对话。只不过那时的题型是一组对话,对话中挖空5处,需要从所给的7个选项中选出5个最佳选项补全对话。从2010年开始,全国课程标准卷出现了同如今七选五一样的试题模式,即在一篇短文中设置5个空,从所给的7个选项中选出能填入空白处的5个最佳选项。

经过9年的实验,该题型已经逐渐完善。但由于近几年全国卷(尤其是卷Ⅰ)文章篇幅变长(2016—2018年全国卷Ⅰ词数分别是181,220,247),长难句增多,且文体不定型(2016—2018年全国卷Ⅰ七选五的体裁分别是说明文、夹叙夹议文、说明文),前后逻辑性不是特别明显等问题,导致该题型难度越来越大,致使很多考生望七选五题而却步。可事实上,如果教师深入分析七选五的命题特点,并指导考生运用一些策略解题是可以轻松得高分的。

一、命题特点

1.设空三位置

七选五通常在一篇短文中的三个位置设空,即段首、段中和段尾。

(1)设在段首

设在段首的句子一般都是本段落的主旨句。因此,考生答题时务必先熟读本段落,了解其主旨大意,而后从备选项中找出能够体现这一段落主旨的选项。如:

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!

【解析】①D。本文上一段提出了有“小、中、大”三种规模的颜色选择,之后分别讲述了中、大两种规模的颜色选择,故本段应该介绍小规模的颜色选择,根据空格后的 They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows...也可验证。故选项D符合本段主旨。

②39.B。本段讲述的是早起进行晨练比在晚上进行锻炼的人睡眠质量更高,在晚上锻炼会让自己兴奋而导致睡眠质量下降。选项B“(晨练使得)你的睡眠质量提高”符合本段主旨。

40.A。本段讲述坚持晨练还可以让你保持健康饮食的习惯。选项A“你会坚持你的饮食习惯”符合本段主旨。

(2)设在段中

当选项设在段中的时候,该选项必定与上下文的信息彼此相通,能够起到既承接上文,又衔接下文的作用。故认真阅读全段内容,尤其是透彻理解空格前后的句意和相关信息是答题的关键。如:

(2018年全国卷Ⅰ)Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves.They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones,and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解析】G。根据前文“中型颜色选择通常是指一些例如沙发、餐桌或者书架等家具的颜色选择”,接着表明这种范围的颜色选择是对小型颜色选择在两种方式上的进一步提示,故选G。

(3)设在段尾

设空在段尾时常常是对本段内容的一种归纳、总结或是补充,也可以是对前面某一观点的具体说明或解释。考生答题时必须认真阅读全段内容,缕清主要线索和要点,对照选项认真比较,找出补充或归纳段落内容的信息。如:

(2018年全国卷Ⅱ)Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever

is ahead of you for the day.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!

【解析】E。根据上一句“锻炼会让你更加神清气爽,更好地应对一天当中发生的任何事情。”选项E“锻炼后,你的头脑可以保持清醒4 ~ 10个小时”是对上一句很好的补充。

2.设空为标题句

有时,七选五的文章可能有若干个小标题,每一小标题便是对下一段落主旨的概括。因此,解答小标题类题和解答设空在段首的题一样,需要考生认真阅读本段落,清楚了解其段落大意,然后选择一个合适的标题句。解答这种类型的题目有一个诀窍:一般而言,一篇文章若有若干个小标题,这些小标题在结构上大体是一致的。如(2017年

If the plot, characters, or word usage is confusing for you,you likely won’t be able to remember what you read.It’s a bit like reading a foreign language.If you don’t understand what you’re reading, how would you remember it? But there are a few things you can do...Use a dictionary; look up the difficult words.

A.Are you confused?

B.Practice makes perfect.

C.What’s your motivation?

D.Memory is sometimes a tricky thing.

E.Marking helps you remember what you read.

F.But other books require a bit more work on your part.

G.You can do the same thing when you are reading the text!

【解析】A。本文共有四个小标题,除了第32空外,其余三个分别是Are you connected? Read it; hear it; be it! 和How often do you read?这其中有两个小标题是一般疑问句,一个是祈使句。可以推测出第32空的答案应该在所提供的七个选项中的A和C之间。根据本段主旨主要讲述如果阅读时,文章的情节、角色或语言表述使自己困惑就难以记住所读的内容,因此选项A符合本段主旨,且一般疑问句的结构也符合其余两个小标题的形式。

3.设空处是一个复合句的一部分

这种情况以前在高考中很少出现,只在2017年全国卷Ⅱ中(第36、39题)出现,但2018年全国卷Ⅰ也有两个小题属于这种类型(第36、37题),这说明今后七选五的命题方式可能会更加灵活。如:

(2018年全国卷Ⅰ)Color is fundamental in home design—something you’ll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in.Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? __ 36__ , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point., they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones,and the large ones.

A.While all of them are useful B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解析】首先从题型设置的特点上来分析,第36、37题均属于复合句的一部分,且均为状语从句,而选项中符合这一条件的只有A、B、C三个选项,因此这两道题的答案必定存在于这三个选项之中。

36.B。第一段前三句问的是想要寻找什么样的房间设计,而设空处后面的句子意为“颜色是使你的房间成为你自己想要的那种的关键”,因此B选项“无论你找什么”符合上下文的语境。

37.A。前句讲的是“有几种技巧帮助设计者”,设空处后面的句子意为“它们可能有点复杂”,显然前后句带有让步的成分,故表达让步的A选项(尽管它们都很有用)符合语境。

对于这种设题,只要考生能真正悟出命题者的“良苦用心”,定会心领神会,节约大量的思考时间。

二、解题策略

鉴于以上七选五题的命题特点和变化,在备考过程中,考生应做到以下几点:

1.培养整体逻辑思维最重要

七选五题不像其他阅读理解题是针对某一信息进行分析、推理或归纳判断,而是从文章前后逻辑或句意之间的联系来判断。因此,考生对文章主旨的宏观把握、上下文之间的前后逻辑以及句意之间的联系的准确理解最为关键。

考生应该熟悉一些常见的文章衔接过渡语以及表达各种逻辑联系的连接词,如表示因果关系的because, so,therefore, thus, as a result等;表示让步的while, although,though, whatever, despite of, regardless of等;表示转折关系的however, but, anyway, though等;表示递进关系的besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover,what’s more/worse 等; 表 示 条 件 的 if, when, unless, on condition that, in case等。如2018年全国卷Ⅰ七选五的第36题表示“不管你寻找什么颜色”,whatever是最好的表示让步的连接词;第37题表示“尽管它们都很有用”,也是表示让步的连接词while引导的从句;第40题根据前后逻辑,表示因果关系:因为大规模的颜色选择关系到整个房屋的设计,你所花费的时间、精力、金钱都很重要,所以无论你花费多大代价都是值得的。故表示因果关系的选项F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the fi rst time符合逻辑。

2.多阅读各种体裁的文章,了解各种文体的组织结构

七选五题的体裁多为说明文,但全国卷I的七选五也曾先后出现过其他文章体裁,如记叙文、夹叙夹议文等。不同体裁的文章其组织、结构自然也就不同。如开头、结尾、过渡段都会有所区别。多阅读各种体裁的文章可以熟悉各种文体的框架结构、语言特点和逻辑联系。考试过程中自然就会有较好的语感,也能够尽早地进入阅读和思考状态,能更好理清文章脉络,从而更准确地补入所缺部分,使文章变得完整和统一。

3.善于寻找主题句,概括文章主题,理清文章脉络

七选五题主要考查文章上下段、前后文以及上下句之间的联系和逻辑。所缺的句子有的是段落主题句,有的是归纳、总结或扩充句,有的只是前后串联、过渡句。因此,考生平时在做阅读训练时应多从以上几个方面有针对性地进行操练,从而熟悉七选五题型的答题步骤和技巧。

4.善于缩小选择范围

七选五有两个多余的选项,如果能够有效地排除1~2个选项,就会变成六选五甚至一对一,这样选择的准确率就大大提高了。首先,需要通读一遍文章,在了解文章大意和每个层面的梗概后,从七个选项中初步排除1~2个与主题无关、以偏概全或句意相反的选项,以缩小选择范围。如2018年全国卷Ⅱ:

If you are already making the time to exercise,it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out.Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.

● Your metabolism(新陈代谢)gets a head start.___ 38_If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day,not in your sleep.

There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings.Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!

本文主要讲述晨练对身体的好处。选项C“你喜欢健康食物胜过快餐”与主题无关,D选项“你没有任何理由需要在早晨锻炼”完全与文章主题相悖。因此了解本文主旨后,这两个选项可以轻易排除。

5.借助特殊的设题方式快捷找到答案

例如2018年全国卷Ⅰ七选五的第36和37小题都是缺少一个主从复合句的一部分(状语从句),如此可轻松找到在七选项中适合填入其中的选项(A、B、C),试想在三个选项中选择两个,其难度要减少很多,既然都是主从复合句的从句部分,根据句意前后联系和逻辑找到合适的选项已不是难事。又如有的设空处是小标题,这样通过寻找选项中与其余小标题结构一致的选项也能快速定位到答案的范围,之后通过段落主旨就能锁定最佳选项。

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