小where,大不同
2018-01-22龚磊
龚磊
where在英语语法中,where可以用来引导定语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句和状语从句等。不少同学经常混淆where在不同从句中的含义和语法,导致在考试中失分。笔者在此对该词引导的三大从句易混点做一剖析。
易混点一 where引导的定语从句和同位语从句
一些名词如position,condition,situation,scene,case,stage,point,degree在句中表示做抽象地点时,可接where引导定语从句。而不少抽象名词后同样可以使用where引导同位语从句。试比较:
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. (定語从句)
I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. (同位语从句)
例1 (2017·浙江卷) Paulson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
解析 64. where。本题较复杂,同学们容易根据先行词garden误填which。根据从句句意和句子成分可知,此处64题应在句中作地点状语,表示“在花园里”,故填where相当于in which。
点拨 where引导定语从句时是关系副词, 在从句中作地点状语, 其前有表示地点的先行词, 从句修饰先行词;where在同位语从句中是连接副词,作地点状语,对前面的抽象名词起解释或说明的作用。
易混点二 where引导的定语从句和状语从句
1. where引导状语从句时属连词,从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如:
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.
I found my books where I had left them.
有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引导的定语从句则不能。如:
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Where there is water, there is life.
有水的地方就有生命。
2. 在有些情况下, where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句。例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (定语从句)
=A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. (状语从句)
在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
易混点三 where引导的定语从句和强调句
例2 Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?
解析 将第二个where改为that,与前面的could it be共同构成强调句式。本题解题的关键在于搞清楚句子中两个where究竟哪一个才是定语从句。根据句意,本句的意思应该为:可能正是在你昨天和我吃饭的那家馆子丢失的手提包?
点拨 在被强调的部分后接定语从句,往往使句子结构更加复杂。针对这种从句套从句的情况,同学们一定要仔细辨别,搞清楚到底哪一个才是强调句的固定搭配。
易混点四 where引导的宾语从句和what引导的宾语从句
1. what在名词性从句当中可以充当主语、表语和宾语,表示“……的地方”(what=the place that)。
In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.
=In 1492, Columbus reached the place that is now called America.
1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。
2. where在宾语从句中是连接副词,作地点状语。如:
I dont know where Jim once lived.
我不知道吉姆曾经住的地方。
例3 (2017·北京卷) Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing _______ she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
解析 B。句意:Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上,不知道她将去往何方。根据句意应用where在宾语从句中充当连接副词,作地点状语。
点拨 要区别where引导的宾语从句和what引导的宾语从句,关键是看题中所缺成分是什么。如缺少地点状语,则使用where;如所缺成分是主语、表语和宾语,则可能是what引导的宾语从句。endprint
易混点五 where引导的状语从句和wherever 引导的状语从句
wherever引导地点状语从句和让步状语从句。
1. 引导地点状语从句,表示“在……的任何(所有)地方”,与where, anywhere, everywhere用法相似。如:
You cant camp wherever(where/anywhere)you like these days.
如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
2. 引导让步状语从句,表示“不管在(到)哪里”,相当于no matter where。如:
Wherever you find high wages, you will generally find high prices.
哪里有高工资,哪里一般就有高物价。
例4 Communicate with people ______ you go—English is spoken in more than 100 countries.
解析 wherever。设空前后两句都是完整的句子,故设空处应填连词或从句引导词。根据句意可知此处表示“无论哪里”,故填wherever。
易混点六 from where和where引导的定语从句
from这个介词有一种比较特殊的用法——其后可以再加上一个介词短语。如:
from under the table 从桌子底下
from behind the door 从门后面
from where這个形式是from的特殊用法。试比较:
She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town.
=She climbed up to the top of the hill, and from on the top of the hill she could have a good view of the whole town.
她登上山顶,从那里她可以一览全城风光。
She climbed up to the top of the hill, where she felt very excited.
=She climbed up to the top of the hill, on which she felt very excited.
她登上山顶,在山顶她感到很兴奋。
例5 Look over there! Some people are standing under the big tree, where you can enjoy the whole view.
解析 where前添加from。句意:看那边!一些人正站在一棵大树下,从那里你可以欣赏到全景。此处from where相当于from under the big tree。要判断究竟是用from where还是用where,关键是看句子所要表达的含义。from where表示“从某个区域”,而where仅表示“在某个区域内”。endprint