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主谓一致考点解析

2018-01-22闫跃

高中生学习·高二版 2017年11期
关键词:助动词被动语态单数

闫跃

主谓一致是英语高考中的常设考点。它有三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近原则。对主谓一致的直接考查一般通过语法填空和短文改错这两种题型。

考查主谓一致,必然连带着考查时态,本文拟对主谓一致的相关考点作一归纳,希望对同学们的备考有所启示。

[语法填空]

1. 现在时态

例1 Ill talk about the power of focus. Motivation (be) a powerful tool to make use of when youre working on a goal.

解析 is。在你致力于实现某一目标的时候,动机是可以利用的有力工具。这是作者在“现在”谈论“专注的力量”这个话题时所持的观点,所以用一般现在时,且motivation是不可数名词,故谓语动词需用单数。

例2 I have been studying for my final exam. A large quantity of knowledge (need) mastering.

解析 needs。根据前面句子的谓语动词have been studying可知,空格所在句谈论的是现在的情况,所以用一般现在时,主语a large quantity of knowledge是不可数概念,所以谓语动词用单数。

注意 “a quantity of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数;“a quantity of+可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;“quantities of+不可数名词/可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数。

例3 Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet ... When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

解析 are removed。根據语境(如两个系动词are与tastes)可知,这里说的是现在的情况,所以空格处应填一般现在时,且remove(去除)与fat and salt(脂肪和盐分)是动宾关系,故需用被动语态。尽管fat和salt各自为不可数名词,但用并列连词and连接后,则表示两个不同的概念,属于复数范畴,所以谓语动词中的助动词be要用复数形式。

2. 过去时态

例4 Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and (be) too violent for use at the table.

解析 were。句意为刀子因太暴力而不适合在餐桌上使用,believed后跟一个宾语从句,and连接了两个并列的谓语,主语knives是复数,根据主谓一致原则,这里用复数,故填were。

例5 In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It , (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.

解析 was。1969年,克利夫兰附近的凯霍加河受到了严重污染,当时(人们)很难想象这条河能被清理干净。空格前面的it是形式主语,后面的that从句是主语从句,单个从句作主语,谓语动词用单数,且说的是过去的事件,故填was。

例6 The story immediately roused heated debate among British Internet users and got 652 comments after it (publish) on Wednesday.

解析 was published。根据时间状语on Wednesday可知,空格处应用一般过去时态,句中代词it指代上文的名词story,是单数概念,而动词publish与代词it是动宾关系,所以此处应填一般过去时的被动语态,且谓语动词中的助动词be用单数。

3. 完成时态

例7 Recently a survey (do) to find out the reading interest of senior middle school students.

解析 has been done。根据时间副词recently可知,该句要用现在完成时,且提示词do与主语survey是动宾关系,故用被动语态,根据语法一致原则,所填谓语动词中的助动词have应用第三人称单数现在式。

例8 Since then, similar kind acts (perform) in schools around the world. Many schools organize a Random Acts of Kindness Week.

解析 have been performed。由时间状语since then可知,句子应用完成时态。句子提到自从那时开始,全世界的学校里都会有人做类似的善举,许多学校现在都会组织random Acts of Kindness Week,表明的是过去或者过去以来一直发生的行为(perform)对现在产生的影响,故空格处应用现在完成时,又因主语acts是谓语动词的承受者,故用被动语态。最后,根据主谓一致,谓语动词中的助动词have要用复数形式。

4. 进行时态

例9 While I (write) the invitations, Mum came in and asked, “Nancy, what about inviting John?”endprint

解析 was writing。连词while引导时间状语从句,且从句动作(写请柬)可延续,整个从句可视为主句动作发生的背景,且均表示过去的事情,所以从句要用过去进行时。作从句主语的代词I是单数,故从句谓语中的助动词be需用一般过去时的单数形式。

例10 They attempt to find different types of activities that can help them escape feelings of laziness or boredom. But, when doing so, the main thing people (try) to avoid is being alone.

解析 are trying。時间状语when doing so是从句when they are doing so的省略形式,表示的是一个现在正在进行的动作,而主句动作(试图避免)是与从句谓语同时发生的行为,所以也要用现在进行时。主句主语people是复数,所以其谓语动词中的助动词be也要用复数。

[短文改错]

1. 谓语误用复数

例11 So its not surprising that some students choose to go to the street to buy junk food which do harm to their health.

解析 do→does。原句陈述的是现在的情况,时态没错,但不可数名词food作主语,谓语动词应该用单数。

例12 My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.

解析 look→looks。本句介绍的是“我”梦想中的学校是什么样子的,根据语法一致,谓语动词用单数。

例13 Li Hua is always warm-hearted and care a lot about the class. Moreover, she often devotes her spare time to helping others.

解析 care→cares。名词Li Hua是单数第三人称,且文段介绍的是李华现在的情况,所以谓语动词应该用单数第三人称现在式,cares与is是并列谓语。

2. 谓语误用单数

例14 This was a tough change for me because the area totally differed from Ohio. There was no rivers or lakes to fish in at all.

解析 was→were。原句叙述的是过去的情况,时态正确。但there be的谓语动词要遵循就近原则,上面第二个分句的谓语要跟名词rivers保持一致,所以将单数的was改为复数的were。

例15 Besides, the new experiences in a new place enables you to broaden your horizons and enrich your knowledge.

解析 enables→enable。本句讲述的是一般性的情况,所以用一般现在时。句中的experiences表示“经历、体验”,是可数名词,使用复数形式是没错的。根据主谓一致,单数形式的enables应用复数形式,具体到此句,即是它的原形。

例16 Obviously, without the help of the whole society, there would be no new school today. It is love and concern that has brought about the great changes.

解析 has→have。存在句there would be ...表示的是现在情况的虚拟,时态正确。后面强调句的主谓不一致,虽然love与concern是不可数名词,但并列使用时,它们表示的是两个各自不同的概念,应按复数处理,所以原句中的助动词has应改为复数形式have。endprint

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