构建知识网络提高书面表达能力

林惠娟+周兴旺

复习备考是个长期而艰巨的任务，其中最棘手的部分之一就是书面表达。没有充足的词汇量和短语积累，没有扎实的英语语法知识，没有广博的课本以外的知识和信息，交出一份优秀的书面表达是非常困难的。因此，只有从复习一开始就着手准备，构建“词汇、短语—语法—衔接、过渡”的知识网络，我们才能逐步提高书面表达的能力。

词汇是进行书面表达的基础。同学们的词汇量大小直接影响书面表达的质量。同学们积累的词汇越丰富，表达也就会越准确，句子也会写得越生动。词汇量匮乏，会使同学们在书面表达中面临词不达意或者表达单调乏味的问题。所以，同学们要提高书面表达的能力，首先要攻克的就是单词关，不仅在“量”上有所增加，更要在“质”上有所突破。词汇不仅要用得准确无误，更要用得生动形象。下面以几组例句来谈谈如何利用词汇的升级来丰富句子的表达。

第一组

1. There is a river in the center of the city.

—There flows a river in the center of the city.

2. There was another famous building.

—There stood another famous building.

3. There was a train.

—There went a train.

4. Here is my advice.

—Here comes my advice.

5. There was a man on the ground， wounded badly.

—There lay a man， wounded badly.

将原句中的静态动词be根据需要换成有实际意义的动态动词，使句子更加形象。

第二组

1. English is more and more important.

—English is increasingly important.

2. There is no doubt that Taiwan is part of China.

—Undoubtedly， Taiwan is part of China.

3. The trip is really wonderful.

—The trip is really enjoyable/unforgettable.

4. The activity was interesting.

—The activity was meaningful/entertaining.

5. He is a good student.

—He is a superior/promising/outstanding student.

6. The test was hard.

—The test was demanding/challenging .

原句的表达比较平实，词汇过于平常，用高级一点的同义词或者近义词将原来的用词置换，就有不同的效果。

第三组

1. A strong/big earthquake happened in Tangshan in the 1980s.

—A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tang Shan in the 1980s.

—1980s saw/witnessed a terrible earthquake in Tang Shan.

2. I think of a good idea.

—A good idea flashed across/into my mind.

3. I cant remember your name.

—Your name escaped me.

表达相同的意思，选用的词汇以及运用词汇的方式不一样，表達的效果截然不同。原句实事求是，陈述事实，表达平庸；将词汇置换之后，表达动态效果更好，让人印象深刻。

很多同学的书面表达只是用简单而无语法错误的句子进行写作。但是，只达到简单无误这个标准的句子未免单调，偶尔出现那么几句“别出心裁”的句子才能让人耳目一新。

所谓的“别出心裁”，也就是同学们用心地把体现高中所学的重点语法知识的句式结构在合适的时候学以致用，而且用得恰到好处。要做到这点绝非易事，同学们在学习语法时就要树立一种意识：语法是为沟通交流、表达思想服务的。所以语法学习更多的是为语言输出作准备。

同学们在平时的学习中，应该不断地应用语法。平时下足了功夫，到写作时，就不会言语生涩，结构混乱。坚持不懈地进行遣词造句的训练是提高书面表达能力的必经之路，而在造句的同时，同学们一定要有意识地将高中所学的体现重点语法知识的高级句式（感叹句、强调句、倒装句、省略句、非谓语、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、虚拟语气）灵活变幻地使用出来。

下面用一篇实例来谈谈如何利用所学语法知识，灵活变换句式，来增强句子的表达力度。

假如你叫李华，打算参加由英国Newcastle中学推出的为期半年的交换生项目（Student Exchange Program）。请给对方写信简要陈述参加该项目的理由。内容包括：

1. 结识朋友，相互介绍文化

2. 家庭住宿（homestay），体验生活，提高口语能力endprint

3. 观光旅游，增长见识，了解风土人情

分析 第一段简要地介绍自己和要参加的活动。

1. I am Li Hua， a student who is interested in the Student Exchange Program carried out by Newcastle Middle school. （定语从句+非谓语）

2. So eager am I to participate in the program which will last half a year that I cant wait to apply for it. （状语从句+倒装+定语从句）

第二段陈述参加项目的理由。

1. There are several reasons accounting for my participation. （非谓语）

2. I will make the acquaintance of many new friends， with whom I can exchange cultures in both countries./from whom I can learn more about English culture. In turn， they will also have a clear idea of Chinese culture. （介词+关系代词：定语从句）

3. Homestay is worth trying. Not only does it provide me with a chance to experience a new life， but it also helps to improve my spoken English. （倒装）

4. I can go sightseeing there， thus broadening my horizon and promoting my understanding of English customs. （非谓语）

第三段表明意向，请求加入该项目。

1. It is Newcastle Middle school that arouses my interest. （强调句）

2. How excited I am to be involved in such a meaningful program. （感叹句）

3. Should you grant me an opportunity to participate in it， I would be grateful. （虚拟语气）

书面表达句子可长可短，长短句交替使用，读起来抑扬顿挫，短句突出高级词汇短语的应用，长句突出高级语法结构的学以致用和句式的灵活变换。

一篇好的作文绝不仅仅是句子的简单堆砌。为了使文章结构严密，增强说服力和感染力，同学们写作时应该在句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间恰当地使用一些过渡性词语。文章缺乏衔接，再好也不过是散落的珍珠，没有串在一起，就不能拿来当作项链欣赏。

一个思维清晰的作者是不难分析出他用来表达思想的句子之间的逻辑的：

围绕某一要点进行多个方面的正面阐述是并列或递进关系，就可以用到in addition， additionally， furthermore， moreover， more importantly ...；

对某一要点进行反面的阐述或提出对立观点是转折， 就可以用到 however， nevertheless， on the contrary ...；

有因果关系， 就可以用到now that， thanks to， due to， owing to， on account of， as a result/consequence of， in consequence of ...；

概括总结，就可以用到in a word， in general， generally speaking， to sum up， finally， at last， in conclusion， in summary等等过渡词。

前文中交换生项目的申请信这篇书面表达，要点之间基本上是并列或者递进关系，所以我们可以巧妙地用过渡词把句子连接起来，组成一篇有思想有逻辑的文章。

Dear Sir，

I am Li Hua， a student who is interested in the Student Exchange Program carried out by Newcastle Middle school. So eager am I to participate in the program which will last half a year that I cant wait to apply for it.

There are several reasons accounting for my participation. To begin with， I will make the acquaintance of many new friends， with whom I can exchange cultures in both countries./from whom I can learn more about English culture. In turn， they will also have a clear idea of Chinese culture. In addition/Additionally， homestay is worth trying. Not only does it provide me with a chance to experience a new life， but it also helps to improve my spoken English. Last but not the least， I can go sightseeing there， thus broadening my horizon and promoting my understanding of English customs.

It is Newcastle Middle school that arouses my interest. How excited I am to be involved in such a meaningful program. Should you grant me an opportunity to participate in it， I would be grateful. Looking forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours，

Li Hua

書面表达是最能考查同学们语言运用能力一种形式，因为从知识的积累到学以致用有一个漫长的过程。它贯穿整个复习始末。

从词汇短语积累到语法结构应用再到衔接过渡，这是个庞大的知识体系。同学们们除了平时要注重积累，加强遣词造句的训练，熟练掌握各种句式结构，并灵活应用，每次书面表达训练后，还要将提供的范文和同学们优秀作文，进行背记，做好语言积累，构建知识网络，才能逐步地提高书面表达能力。endprint