肌肉病临床研究进展
2018-01-17张成王倞
张成 王倞
随着神经科学技术的发展,我国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划(以下简称“十二五”)时期,肌肉病临床研究,特别是诊断、治疗与预防方面迅速发展。本文拟就国家“十二五”时期肌肉病临床研究进展进行简要综述。
一、肌肉病的诊断
1.发现鉴别诊断幼儿期Duchenne型肌营养不良症与Becker型肌营养不良症的生物学标志物假肥大型肌营养不良症可以分为Duchenne型肌营养不良症(DMD)和Becker型肌营养不良症(BMD),前者症状严重,病情进展迅速,通常于12岁前不能行走、20余岁呼吸功能或心功能衰竭而死亡;后者症状轻微,病情进展缓慢,12岁后仍可行走,生存期接近正常人群,二者预后完全不同。然而3~4岁的假肥大型肌营养不良症患儿均表现为小腿腓肠肌假性肥大、血清肌酸激酶(CK)显著升高,如何在幼儿期鉴别诊断Duchenne型肌营养不良症与Becker型肌营养不良症?中山大学附属第一医院张成教授研究团队发现,酶法检测肌酐(Cr)水平(成人正常参考值55~153 μmol/L)可以在幼儿期鉴别诊断Duchenne型肌营养不良症与Becker型肌营养不良症,血清肌酸水平<16 μmol/L为Duchenne型肌营养不良症,>25 μmol/L为Becker型肌营养不良症[1⁃2],该项研究成果很快被国外同行所引用[3]。
2.肌肉MRI动态观察Duchenne型肌营养不良症病情变化 既往需行肌肉组织活检术从病理学角度评价Duchenne型肌营养不良症病情变化,创伤较大,患者常难以接受,尤其不能反复行肌肉组织活检术以判断病情变化和评价治疗效果,因此,无创性检查方法即具有重要意义。随着肌肉MRI在肌肉病中的应用,其判断Duchenne型肌营养不良症病情是十分有潜力的,但其临床应用尚待数据支持。张成教授研究团队和北京大学第一医院袁云教授研究团队分别系统报告我国Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者肌肉MRI特点,并得到相似结论,Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者臀大肌、大收肌、股四头肌等肌肉受累严重,而缝匠肌、股薄肌等肌肉受累较轻微,证实肌肉MRI可以反映Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者肌肉病变情况[4⁃6]。此后,张成教授研究团队和武警总医院吴士文教授研究团队对Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者肌肉MRI能否反映病情严重程度进行研究,结果显示,T2mapping成像显示的肌肉病变与运动功能显著相关,尤其是大收肌,考虑到T2mapping成像是一种相对客观技术,故可以客观、量化、敏感地评价Duchenne型肌营养不良症病情进展[7⁃8]。吴士文教授研究团队还通过扩散张量成像(DTI)发现,Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者存在胼胝体压部结构改变,这种改变与Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者认知功能障碍密切相关[9]。
3.完成我国大样本Duchenne型肌营养不良症基因型⁃临床表型分析,以明确Duchenne型肌营养不良症和Becker型肌营养不良症的基因突变规律和各种突变类型比例 Duchenne型肌营养不良症是X连锁隐性遗传性疾病,致病基因DMD具有多种突变类型,可以分为大片段缺失、大片段重复和点突变,其中,点突变根据其对DMD基因转录翻译的影响,进一步分为无义突变、错义突变、移码突变和剪切位点突变等。明确上述突变在我国Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者中所占比例对了解该病遗传学特点、指导临床治疗与遗传咨询、研发基因药物、制定卫生经济政策具有重大作用;明确基因型与临床表型的关系对预测预后、指导临床治疗与遗传咨询具有重要意义。张成教授研究团队纳入1053例Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者[10]、福建医科大学附属第一医院王柠教授研究团队纳入407例患者[11]、中南大学医学遗传学国家重点实验室邬玲仟教授研究团队纳入613例患者[12]、上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院蒋雯婷教授研究团队纳入541例男性患者和184例女性携带者[13]、复旦大学附属儿科医院李西华教授研究团队纳入229例患者[14]、北京协和医院崔丽英教授研究团队纳入89例患者[15]、中国医科大学基础医学院罗阳教授研究团队纳入119例患者[16],结果均显示,DMD基因氨基末端(N末端)和中央区各存在一缺失重复突变热区,然而每项研究发现的热区边界略有不同,但所在区域大致相同,缺失突变热区位于3~22号外显子和45~54号外显子,重复突变热区位于3~11号外显子和21~37号外显子;此外,大片段缺失突变占所有突变的53%~70%,大片段重复突变占9%~17%,其余均为非缺失重复突变;单外显子缺失突变发生率最高位于45~54号外显子热区,主要为51号、45号和49号外显子;点突变中无义突变比例最高,占40%~50%,其次为微小缺失重复突变,占32%~37%,剪切位点突变和错义突变比例较低。上述研究为我国Duchenne型肌营养不良症的外显子跳跃治疗和无义突变通读治疗奠定重要的数据基础。此外,在基因型⁃临床表型分析中,大片段缺失重复突变与阅读框理论的符合率为86%~90%,与既往文献报道基本一致[17⁃18]。
4.明确遗传异质性很强的肢带型肌营养不良症亚型的基因诊断 肢带型肌营养不良症(LGMD)是遗传异质性很强的肌肉病,各亚型均表现为四肢近端肌萎缩和肌无力,下肢重于上肢,血清肌酸激酶水平升高,病情逐渐加重,临床难以区分各亚型,仅能笼统诊断为肢带型肌营养不良症。究其原因,一代基因测序检测单个基因,无法准确基于临床表现选择应检测何种肢带型肌营养不良症亚型基因,唯有突出表现为血清肌酸激酶>8000 U/L、伴双侧大腿肌萎缩和肌无力时,提示LGMD2B型,系Dysferlin基因突变所致,仅检测这一单个基因即可完成基因诊断。随着二代基因测序技术的发展、检测费用的下降和临床应用的广泛,肢带型肌营养不良症各亚型致病基因组成基因测序包,对基因测序包中所有基因进行检测,即可快速明确肢带型肌营养不良症亚型,确定致病基因。国家“十二五”时期,我国学者采用二代基因测序技术明确LGMD1A型、LGMD1B型、LGMD1E型,LGMD2A型、LGMD2B型、LGMD2D型、LGMD2E型、LGMD2F型、LGMD2H型、LGMD2I型、LGMD2K型、LGMD2L型、LGMD2J型和LGMD2S 型等亚型[19⁃26]。
5.明确若干罕见性肌肉病的基因诊断 由于罕见性肌肉病的特征是种类繁多、每种疾病数量少、临床症状与体征相互重叠,故临床诊断困难,甚至肌肉组织活检术亦不能明确疾病类型。国家“十二五”时期,采用二代基因测序技术对所有已知的遗传性肌肉病进行基因检测,明确诊断多种罕见性肌肉病,如杆状体肌病、中央核肌病、线状体肌病、Magocolia先天性肌病、肌原纤维肌病、Merosin缺失型先天性肌营养不良症、Ullrich型先天性肌营养不良症、Bethlem肌病、GNE肌病、常染色体显性遗传性包涵体肌病、Emery⁃Dreifuss型肌营养不良症、糖原贮积病Ⅱ型、脂质沉积性肌病、先天性肌强直、先天性副肌强直、强直性肌营养不良症、线粒体肌病、周期性麻痹、先天性肌无力综合征等[27⁃48]。二代基因测序结果仍需病理学检查的证实,即基因型与临床表型相符方明确诊断。由于二代基因测序信息量大,目前的生物信息学分析以及为临床医师提供规范、实用基因检测报告等方面尚待进一步改进。
6.探索面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症的分子诊断及基因型⁃临床表型关系 面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症(FSHD)是临床最常见的肌营养不良症之一,因遗传学机制复杂,基因检测相对困难,目前主要以临床诊断为主。浙江大学医学院附属第二医院吴志英教授研究团队探讨我国面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症的分子诊断,结果显示,基因检测过程中区分4qA和4qB亚型是十分重要的[49]。王柠教授研究团队对178例中国面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症患者基因型⁃临床表型关系进行研究,结果显示,疾病严重程度与长度为3.30×103bp的D4Z4串联重复序列(DRs)相关,此外,其临床表型还受包括性别、家族史等其他因素的影响[50]。目前,我国在面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症分子诊断方面还存在欠缺,能够开展此项检测的机构尚不足,是未来亟待解决的问题。
二、肌肉病的治疗
1.综合治疗和管理遗传性肌肉病 目前,绝大多数遗传性肌肉病尚缺乏有效治疗方法,因此,疾病综合治疗和管理即显得尤为重要。李西华教授研究团队在Duchenne型肌营养不良症的管理方面进行多年探索,开展系统的多学科合作、患者注册登记、康复指导、家庭随访、心理支持和人文关怀等,并成立上海市慈善基金会关爱杜氏肌营养不良儿童专项基金,有众多志愿者参与,定期举行病友会活动、传播最新疾病知识和举行国际学术交流活动等,还组织心理科医师对患者及其家属进行针对性心理辅导[14,51]。吴士文教授研究团队建立Duchenne型肌营养不良症的多学科会诊模式,进行综合治疗和管理(未发表)。重庆医科大学附属儿童医院蒋莉教授研究团队提出,Duchenne型肌营养不良症的发生与发展过程中,受累组织器官并非仅限于骨骼肌,亦强调多学科协作模式[52]。张成教授研究团队也强调Duchenne型肌营养不良症的综合治疗,除药物治疗外,呼吸功能和心功能管理、康复治疗、饮食营养支持等一系列措施并举,以期延长患者生存期和提高生活质量[53]。糖皮质激素可以有效缓解Duchenne型肌营养不良症症状,然而目前我国尚缺乏相关临床数据。蒋莉教授研究团队进行随机对照临床试验,共纳入66例4~12岁Duchenne型肌营养不良症患儿,治疗组予糖皮质激素0.75 mg/(kg·d)口服,治疗12个月后肌力、生活质量和肌肉超声均明显改善[54]。河北医科大学第三医院胡静教授研究团队纳入96例Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者,予糖皮质激素0.50~0.75 mg/(kg·d)口服联合地塞米松5~10 mg/d静脉滴注,治疗10~15天后运动功能和心肌病变均有所改善[55⁃56]。上述研究结果均证实糖皮质激素治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良症安全、有效。
2.罕见性肌肉病医疗地图的提出 罕见性肌肉病种类繁多、每种疾病数量少、分布广泛、临床诊断困难、治疗效果差,但仍有少数疾病有特异性治疗方法,并可取得良好治疗效果。张成教授研究团队和山东大学齐鲁医院焉传祝教授研究团队分别发现,核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(RR⁃LSM)患者临床表现为运动不耐受、四肢近端无力、上楼梯和蹲起困难,严重者因吞咽困难而不能进食、构音障碍、行走不能、床上翻身不能,予维生素B2治疗后可行走、上楼梯,甚至可以重新工作[57⁃58]。解放军总医院吴卫平教授研究团队发现,低钾型周期性麻痹(HypoPP)患者晨起或饱餐后出现四肢近端肌无力,补充氯化钾后症状迅速好转[59]。张成教授团队的研究显示,糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者临床表现为病态疲劳、呼吸困难、四肢近端肌无力和肌萎缩,若早期予Myozyme替代治疗,预后较好[60]。这些可治性罕见性肌肉病,因为有特异性治疗方法,预后较好,然而临床实践中此类患者十分罕见,且由于临床罕见,非肌肉病专病医师不熟悉其诊断与治疗,转诊至大医院专病门诊方可明确诊断,延误治疗,增加医疗费用。如果能够在患者所在地的二级和三级医院进行针对性肌肉病专病医师培训,此类患者即可就近诊断与治疗、咨询和管理,极大地方便已明确诊断的可治性罕见性肌肉病的治疗,亦提高疾病的诊断与治疗水平。对于目前尚无特异性治疗方法的罕见性肌肉病,应转诊至有条件的医院进行诊断与治疗。
三、肌肉病的预防
对于遗传性肌肉病的预防,随着基因检测技术的日臻成熟,产前诊断和种植前诊断技术迅速发展。以Duchenne型肌营养不良症为例,存在高度遗传风险的孕妇,可于孕9~12周进行绒毛膜穿刺或孕16~20周进行羊水穿刺,从而对胎儿遗传缺陷进行检测。浙江大学医学院祁鸣教授研究团队采用实时聚合酶链反应(RT⁃PCR)对4例Duchenne型肌营养不良症孕妇进行产前诊断,结果显示,2例孕正常女胎、1例孕正常男胎、1例孕女性携带者[61]。亦有多所医疗中心对Duchenne型肌营养不良症孕妇的产前诊断进行报道,由此可见,产前诊断技术在我国日臻成熟[61⁃64]。产前诊断是在妊娠期进行的,因此一旦诊断出患病胎儿,需行人工流产术,这对于高龄孕妇和受孕困难女性而言是难以接受的,种植前诊断技术则可以弥补其不足。种植前诊断是在体外完成精子与卵子结合,受精卵发育到一定时期后,取单个细胞行基因检测以判断受精卵是否存在DMD基因缺陷。临床实践中常利用超数排卵技术从女性体内获取多个卵子,分别进行体外受精,舍弃存在DMD基因缺陷的受精卵,选择正常受精卵重新植入女性子宫,最终生产正常婴儿。张成教授研究团队采用种植前诊断技术使1例Duchenne型肌营养不良症女性携带者生产1名正常男婴和1名正常女婴,并进行4年随访观察,2名幼儿生长发育、运动功能和动态血清肌酸激酶水平均正常[65]。
四、其他
国家“十二五”时期,我国罕见性肌肉病病友组织与医师组织合作开展专病注册登记,并参与国际神经肌肉病协作组织TREAT⁃NMD的注册登记[66],还于上海市成立上海市罕见病防治基金会。
五、展望
我国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划(简称“十三五”)时期,将进一步探讨面⁃肩⁃肱型肌营养不良症的新型、直观、简便诊断方法,开展Duchenne型肌营养不良症基因治疗如无义突变的PTC124治疗、缺失突变的外显子跳跃治疗和用于各种突变的抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin)微小基因替代治疗,这些新方法必将有益于我国肌肉病的诊断与治疗。
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