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甲状腺功能亢进并发甲亢性心脏病的危险因素分析

2018-01-09王文君程秋实

现代仪器与医疗 2017年5期
关键词:甲状腺功能亢进危险因素

王文君 程秋实

[摘 要] 目的:分析甲状腺功能亢进并发甲亢性心臟病的危险因素,总结防治对策。方法:80例甲亢性心脏病患者作为A组,65例单纯甲状腺功能亢进患者作为B组。比较两组患者年龄、性别、病程、个人史、实验室检查结果等临床资料,运用Logistic多因素回归分析,总结影响甲状腺功能亢进并发甲亢性心脏病的危险因素,探讨高危患者判别依据及干预策略。结果:年龄≥60岁、病程≥6个月、FT4≥35 pmol/L是影响甲亢并发甲亢性心脏病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:应重视高龄、病程较长及高水平血清FT4者甲亢病情的控制。

[关键词] 甲状腺功能亢进;甲亢性心脏病;危险因素

中图分类号:R581 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-5200(2017)05-043-03

DOI:10.11876/mimt201705018

Analysis of risk factors of hyperthyroid heart disease complicated with hyperthyroidism WANG Wenjun, CHENG Qiushi. (Department of Endocrinology,Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, china)

[Abstract] Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors of hyperthyroid heart disease complicated with hyperthyroidism and to summarize countermeasures of prevention and cure. Methods: A total sample of 145 patients were selected as objects of study including 80 patients with hyperthyroid heart disease as A group and 65 patients with simple hyperthyroidism as group B. The clinical data were compared between the two groups in age, gender, disease duration, personal history and laboratory examination results, and Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used, in order to summarize the risk factors of hyperthyroid heart disease complicated with hyperthyroidism and to explore the distinguish basis and intervention strategy of high-risk patients. Results: Age≥60, disease duration≥6 months and FT4≥35 pmol/L were independent risk factors of hyperthyroid heart disease complicated with hyperthyroidism (P<0.05). Conclusions: Attention should be paid to the control of hyperthyroidism patients with advanced age, longer course and high levels of serum FT4.

[Key words] hyperthyroidism; hyperthyroid heart disease; risk factors

甲亢患者常伴有心率加快、心肌收缩力增强、全血容量容量增加、外周血管阻力降低等病理生理改变[1],心血管系统处于高动力状态,加之过量甲状腺激素对心脏的直接毒性作用,均导致甲亢患者心脏疾病发生风险较高[2]。甲亢性心脏病约占甲亢患者的10%~20%,患者往往病程较长、年龄较大[3]。因此,在注重甲亢性心脏病早期诊断的前提下,进一步明确甲亢性心脏病的危险因素、预防甲亢向甲亢性心脏病进展,对于改善患者预后及生存质量均具有重要意义。为此,本研究选取145例患者进行了对照分析,现予报道。

1 对象与方法

我院2015年1月至2017年1月就诊患者中发生甲亢性心脏病的80例患者作为A组,同期65例单纯甲状腺功能亢进[4]患者作为B组。A组患者合并心脏增大、心律失常、心肌缺血或心力衰竭等症状且甲亢控制后心脏异常症状缓解,明确甲亢性心脏病诊断[5],排除合并其他原因所致心脏疾病者、临床及实验室检查资料不完整者以及合并恶性肿瘤患者。

整理两组患者病历资料并抽取其停药7 d次日清晨空腹静脉血,化学发光法检测其血清游离三碘甲状腺素原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平;正常参考范围[6]:FT3:3~9 pmol/L;FT4:2.4~15.4 pmol/L。对所有数据采用SPSS 18.0进行分析,单因素分析对比两组患者临床资料,将存在统计学差异的资料纳入Logistic多因素回归分析,总结影响甲亢患者并发甲亢性心脏病的相关因素。

2 结果

两组患者年龄、病程及FT3、FT4比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

将存在统计学差异的单因素分析指标进行Logistic多因素回归分析得出年龄≥60岁、病程≥6个月、FT4≥35 pmol/L是影响甲亢并发甲亢性心脏病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。endprint

3 讨论

甲状腺疾病尤其是甲亢的发病率近年呈上升趋势[7]。随着年龄的增长,机体功能的逐渐退化伴随着心肌细胞纤维化的进展,此时心肌胶原含量上升,心肌细胞对甲状腺激素的耐受度不足,故过量甲状腺激素水平可造成心脏负荷加重、心肌损害加剧[8-10]。甲亢是一种消耗性疾病,故患者病程越长,机体整体状态越差,加之长时间高浓度甲状腺激素对心脏产生的不良影响[11-12],患者心脏受损风险更高、心功能不全发生风险显著上升。因此,本组患者随着年龄、病程的增加并发甲亢性心脏病的风险显著上升。

甲亢发生后,心肌细胞Na+-K+-ATP酶活性增强,Na+外流、K+内流明显,心肌细胞正常电生理平衡打破,此时心肌细胞对外周组织FT4的降解能力显著下降,而过量的FT4可直接作用于传导系统,引发心肌和传导系统内淋巴细胞浸润,严重时可导致灶性坏死或纤维化,造成各类传导阻滞的发生[13-14]。此外,有学者发现,大量FT4还可使交感神经张力上升、心肌细胞膜β受体数量增加,此时心肌细胞对儿茶酚胺的敏感性急剧上升、心肌耗氧量大幅增加,心动过速发生风险也随之上升[15]。

既往有学者就单纯甲亢患者与甲亢性心脏病患者心脏结构和功能指标进行对比发现甲亢性心脏病患者处于明显的收缩压增高和脉压差增大状态[16]。也有研究指出,甲亢性心脏病患者血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平显著下降,其原因可能与过量甲状腺激素所致体脂动员、合成和分解加速有关[17]。因此,在甲亢性心脏病的治疗中,可关注心肌细胞功能的改善以及血脂水平的调控。

对于尚未进展至甲亢性心脏病的患者,建议早期识别其高龄、长病程、高FT4浓度等危险因素,筛选高危患者并注重超声心动图检查的定期开展、甲状腺激素水平的调控,做到甲亢性心脏病的早预防、早发现、早治疗,降低甲亢性心脏病发生风险。在甲亢的治疗药物中,碘剂(131I)不仅治疗效果显著优于β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂等抗甲状腺药物,而且在调节甲状腺激素水平、降低甲状腺激素对心脏毒性等方面也具有确切作用[18],值得作为甲亢以及甲亢性心脏病的首选治疗药物。

参 考 文 献

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[8] 路方红, 刘振东, 范存芳,等. 甲状腺功能亢进症患者Tei指数与左心室应变率的相关性[C]// 第十三次全国心血管病学术会议论文集. 2011.

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[13] Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper D S, et al. The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2015, 4(3): 149-163.

[14] Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart[J]. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2016, 41(2): 65-92.

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[16] Greene J P, Lefebvre S L, Wang M, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals[J]. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2014, 244(3): 320-327.

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[18] Bijsmans E S, Jepson R E, Wheeler C, et al. Plasma N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Cardiac Troponin I as Novel Biomarkers of Hypertensive Disease and Target Organ Damage in Cats[J]. J Vet Intern Med, 2017, 31(3): 650-660.endprint

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