术前等速离心训练和补充分离乳清蛋白对前交叉韧带断裂患者股四头肌肌力和膝关节功能的影响
2018-01-08张晓圆黄红拾于媛媛张东霞常翠青
张晓圆,黄红拾,杨 洁,于媛媛,张东霞,常翠青
北京大学 第三医院运动医学研究所,北京 100191
·论著·
术前等速离心训练和补充分离乳清蛋白对前交叉韧带断裂患者股四头肌肌力和膝关节功能的影响
张晓圆,黄红拾,杨 洁,于媛媛,张东霞,常翠青
北京大学 第三医院运动医学研究所,北京 100191
目的通过观察术前等速离心训练和补充乳清蛋白对前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂患者股四头肌力量及其功能的影响,探讨等速离心运动对ACL断裂患者下肢功能康复的作用。方法招募18~40岁男性ACL断裂志愿者,共入组22例,采用区组化随机数字表法分为等速离心训练(IE)组和等速离心训练+分离乳清蛋白补充(IE+WPI)组。IE组受试者术前在实验室等速生物力学测试训练仪上进行患肢股四头肌等速离心训练,每周2次,每次3~4组×8~10个重复,训练间隔时间至少1 d;IE+WPI组在上述股四头肌等速离心训练基础上每天补充分离乳清蛋白22 g,早餐或运动训练后30~60 min内服用。干预时间6周。干预前后分别检测双侧股四头肌60°/s等速肌力、肌肉量、膝关节功能及松弛度、大腿围度、骨骼肌指数等指标。结果干预后,IE组和IE+WPI组受试者患侧股四头肌等速离心收缩峰力矩(PT)(41.0%,P=0.018;46.7%,P=0.008)和向心收缩峰力矩(PT)(29.6%,P=0.018;38.9%,P=0.038)均比干预前显著增加。与干预前比较,IE+WPI组Lysholm膝关节评分显著增加(P=0.018)。结论术前等速离心训练可以显著增加ACL断裂患者股四头肌肌力,并在一定程度上改善膝关节功能,联合补充乳清蛋白效果更佳。
等速离心训练;分离乳清蛋白;前交叉韧带断裂;股四头肌;肌力
前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)是维持膝关节稳定的重要结构,ACL断裂后因膝关节不稳,股四头肌活动减少,可导致患侧股四头肌力量显著低于对侧[1]。ACL断裂后无法自愈,目前的临床常规是进行ACL重建术。术后因制动3个月内股四头肌肌肉萎缩和肌力丢失分别达20%和30%以上,虽经积极康复,在术后数年内股四头肌的大小和肌力依然减少10%~20%[2]。股四头肌肉萎缩和肌力下降会导致膝关节不稳定,影响正常的日常生活,增加膝关节的运动创伤和骨关节炎发病风险[3]。目前ACL断裂患者的康复训练大多集中在重建术后,多项研究表明ACL重建术后运动训练(包括向心或离心训练)均可以增加股四头肌肌力和肌肉量、改善膝关节功能[4- 6]。而ACL断裂患者术前的股四头肌肌力是重建术后膝关节功能康复的重要预测指标[7],术前患侧与未伤侧股四头肌肌力差距不超过20%被认为术后功能康复更佳[8- 9]。因此,术前提高股四头肌肌力将为术后康复打下良好基础,对促进术后康复具有重要作用。目前ACL断裂患者在术后康复训练多采用向心训练。现有研究证实,离心训练对肌力和肌肉量的增加作用比向心训练更佳[10- 11];也有ACL重建术的康复指南推荐离心训练比向心训练对增加股四头肌肌力效果更佳[12]。乳清蛋白是从牛奶中分离出来的富含支链氨基酸特别是亮氨酸的蛋白质,具有吸收快、促进肌肉蛋白质合成的作用,并在运动时有供能作用,可显著降低训练后的肌肉疲劳,促进肌肉快速恢复[13- 14]。本研究拟采用单纯等速离心训练和联合补充乳清蛋白对ACL断裂患者进行术前干预,观察其对股四头肌肌力和膝关节功能的作用及其安全性,为术前等速离心训练和营养措施促进ACL断裂患者功能康复提供科学依据。
对象和方法
对象及分组选取2014年9月至2016年9月在北京大学第三医院运动医学门诊招募单侧单纯的ACL断裂的男性患者55例。经筛选随机入组22例,其中等速离心训练(isokinetic eccentric training,IE)组10例、等速离心训练+分离乳清蛋白补充(isokinetic eccentric training with whey protein isolate supplement,IE+WPI)组12例。纳入标准:ACL单侧断裂,男性患者,18~40周岁,急性期已过,关节炎症不明显,关节活动无明显受限,出现股四头肌肌肉萎缩者。排除标准:ACL断裂合并其他损伤,出现炎症和关节活动受限者;Ⅱ~Ⅲ度复合韧带松弛、双侧膝关节损伤、严重肢体或下腰部损伤(如神经损伤、骨折、椎间盘突出);常规核磁共振成像诊断并发可修复半月板损伤、全层关节软骨损伤。对乳蛋白过敏者和患有不适合运动的疾病者;体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)>28 kg/m2。本研究获得北京大学第三医院医学伦理委员会批准(医伦审[2013]070(2)号),所有志愿者均了解研究目的和风险后签署知情同意书。
等速离心训练患者在专业技术人员指导和监督下,在等速生物力学测试训练仪(CON-TREX MJ;Germany)上,按训练方案在30°~90°关节活动范围内进行等速离心收缩训练股四头肌,训练周期为6周。具体训练内容见表1。
等速离心训练+分离乳清蛋白按表1方案进行等速离心训练的同时每天补充22 g分离乳清蛋白(蛋白含量99%,美国戴维斯柯食品国际公司),150~200 ml温水冲饮。离心训练当天在训练后30~60 min内服用,非离心训练当天随早餐服用。通过每周定期发放乳清蛋白、训练后现场服用、受试者日记和回收小包装袋,保证乳清蛋白服用。训练和服用分离乳清蛋白均持续6周。
观察指标及其方法受试者分别于干预前和干预后测试以下指标。
股四头肌等速肌力:采用等速生物力学测试和训练仪(CON-TREX,MJ;Germany)测试股四头肌在60°/s角速度下等速向心收缩和离心收缩峰力矩(peak torque,PT)、腘绳肌/股四头肌峰力矩比值(hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio,H/Q)、股四头肌总功(total work,TW)。
膝关节功能:采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分问卷和国际膝关节文献委员会 (International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)膝关节评估表评价膝关节功能,满分均为100分[15]。
膝关节松弛度:采用KT- 2000膝关节稳定度测试仪(KNEELAX3,MONITORED REHAB SYSTEMS B.V.;Netherlands)测试,患者取仰卧位,股四头肌完全放松,检测双侧膝关节屈曲30°时在30 P拉力下患侧与健侧胫骨前移距离的差值,评价膝关节松弛度。
肌肉量:采用体成分分析仪(MC- 180,TANITA Corporation;Japan)测试身体成分,并计算四肢骨骼肌指数[四肢肌肉量(kg)/身高(m)2]。
膝关节和大腿围度:让受试者直立站立,上肢自然下垂,用软尺测量双侧膝关节围度和大腿围度(膝上15 cm),共测量3次,取平均值记录。
膝关节疼痛评分:采用视觉模拟评分量表(0~10分)。
膳食营养素摄入量:食物频率调查问卷和连续3 d膳食调查问卷,特别是乳和乳制品摄入、蛋白质补充剂摄入情况。
统计学处理应用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行统计分析。检测指标为非正态分布,用中位数(P25,P75)描述,采用非参数检验进行检验。两组间比较采用独立样本Mann-WhitneyU秩和检验,各组内干预前后比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结 果
一般情况22例患者平均年龄(29.0±5.2)岁,平均BMI IE组(23.9±3.4)kg/m2,IE+WPI组为(26.1±2.9)kg/m2。两组间年龄、身高、体重及BMI等一般情况差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。共16例(IE组7例、IE+WPI组9例)患者完成研究,6例因工作时间原因难以保证每周两次到训练室训练而退出研究。
表 1 等速离心运动训练计划表Table 1 Isokinetic eccentric training program
EC:离心收缩;PT:峰力矩;关节活动度:30°~90°
EC:eccentric contraction;PT:peak torque;range of motion:30°- 90°
等速离心训练和加分离乳清蛋白对股四头肌肌力的影响干预后,IE组和IE+WPI组的股四头肌肌力均显著增加。IE组所有受试者(7例)股四头肌等速离心收缩和向心收缩峰力矩均增加,分别增加41.0%和29.6% (Z=-2.366,P=0.018、Z=-2.371,P=0.018);IE+WPI组所有受试者(9例)股四头肌离心收缩峰力矩均增加,平均增加46.7%(Z=-2.666,P=0.008),向心收缩峰力矩有7例增加,平均增加38.9%(Z=-2.073,P=0.038),优于IE组(表2)。同时,两组患侧/健侧峰力矩比值也均显著增加,离心收缩分别增加至108.8%(IE组)和96.6%(IE+WPI组)(Z=-2.666,P=0.008),向心收缩分别增加至86.4%(IE组)和76.7%(IE+WPI组)。股四头肌离心和向心收缩总功均显著增大,IE组分别增加52.2%和34.4%,IE+WPI组分别增加48.8%和50.8%。患侧腘绳肌/股四头肌离心收缩峰力矩比值明显下降(IE:Z=-2.201,P=0.028;WPI:Z=-2.100,P=0.036),向心收缩峰力矩比值也有降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义(IE:Z=-1.520,P=0.128;WPI:Z=-0.890,P=0.374)(表2)。
表 2 等速离心训练及加分离乳清蛋白对ACL断裂患者股四头肌肌力的影响[中位数(P25,P75)]Table 2 Effects of isokinetic eccentric training with or without whey protein isolate supplement on strength of quadriceps in ACL ruptured patients[median(P25,P75)]
ACL:前交叉韧带;IE:等速离心训练组;IE+WPI:等速离心训练+分离乳清蛋白补充组;EC:离心收缩;CC:向心收缩;PT:峰力矩;TW:总功;H/Q:腘绳肌/股四头肌峰力矩比值
ACL:anterior cruciate ligament;IE:isokinetic eccentric training;IE+WPI:isokinetic eccentric training with whey protein isolate supplement;EC:eccentric contraction;CC:concentric contraction;PT:peak torque;TW:total work;H/Q:hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio
等速离心训练和补充乳清蛋白对膝关节功能的影响干预后,两组的膝关节功能评分均有所改善,但两组间差异无统计学意义。IE+WPI组的Lysholm评分较干预前显著增加(Z=-2.371,P=0.018)(表3)。对膝关节松弛度的检测结果显示,IE组松弛度略微增大(Z=-1.753,P=0.08),IE+WPI组松弛度有所改善(Z=-1.014,P=0.31),但两组间差异无统计学意义。
等速离心训练和补充乳清蛋白对肌肉量、下肢围度的影响干预后,两组受试者患侧下肢肌肉量(IE组:Z=-0.944,P=0.945;IE+WPI组:Z=0.420,P=0.674)、四肢骨骼肌指数(IE组:Z=-0.524,P=0.600;IE+WPI组:Z=0.980,P=0.327)和围度(IE组:Z=-0.105,P=0.917;IE+WPI组:Z=1.690,P=0.091)较干预前均无变化,但两组间比较,干预后IE+WPI组的四肢骨骼肌指数显著高于IE组(Z=-2.239,P=0.026)。
等速离心训练和补充乳清蛋白对膝关节疼痛的影响离心训练中、训练前后和整个研究期间,两组膝关节疼痛评分(IE组:Z=-1.095,P=0.273;IE+WPI组:Z=0.137,P=0.891)差异均无统计学意义。
膳食营养状况两组干预前后和两组间前后的每日膳食能量和钙摄入量差异均无统计学意义。干预后,IE+WPI组从膳食中摄入蛋白质量减少,加上补充的乳清蛋白后总的蛋白质摄入量与IE组一样,均是70 g/d。
讨 论
前交叉韧带断裂后,患侧股四头肌肌力明显低于健侧[16],加重膝关节不稳定,影响正常活动,膝关节运动创伤和骨关节炎发病风险也随之增加。手术重建是目前主要的推荐治疗方法。为了保证手术效果和术后尽快康复,术前宜具备的条件是患侧与健侧股四头肌肌力差距不超过20%[9]。术前的股四头肌肌力越大,术后肌力恢复越好[7,17]。有研究显示,正常人的H/Q一般在50%~60%[18],ACL断裂患者股四头肌肌力下降幅度约是腘绳肌的3倍,因此H/Q一般增大[1,19],屈伸肌肌力不平衡,增加膝关节再损伤的风险。本研究患者患侧离心收缩峰力矩是健侧的87.8%,向心收缩峰力矩为健侧的-64.9%,患侧离心收缩H/Q正常,向心收缩H/Q 66.1%,较健侧增大-7.4%,表明股四头肌萎缩,肌力下降,明显低于健侧,屈伸肌力不平衡,此时应加强股四头肌肌力训练,有利于预防再损伤和促进术后膝关节功能恢复[12,20]。
本研究对受试者进行6周训练后,术前单纯等速离心训练分别增加股四头肌等速离心和向心收缩峰力矩41.0%和29.6%,等速离心训练联合补充乳清蛋白可分别增加46.7%和38.9%;两组离心(IE组:108.8%;IE+WPI组:96.6%)和向心收缩(IE组:86.4%;IE+WPI组:76.7%)患侧与健侧峰力矩比值明显增加,降低H/Q比值,结果表明术前等速离心训练可以显著增加股四头肌力量和做功能力,改善屈伸肌肌力平衡。与向心训练比较[10- 11,21],离心训练效果更好。Shaarani等[21]和Hilliard-Robertson等[11]的研究显示,术前向心训练可以增加ACL断裂患者股四头肌力量10%~20%,本研究显示离心训练可增加30%~40%。其原因可能是离心收缩方式比向心收缩方式对神经产生的刺激较大,适应性改变较为持久[22];等速离心训练耗氧量少[23],可以提高微血管驱动压,提高氧运输量和氧利用量的能力[24];并通过升高血浆类胰岛素生长因子、生长激素浓度促进骨骼肌的合成代谢[25],从而有利于增加肌肉力量[10]。
表 3 等速离心训练和补充乳清蛋白对ACL断裂患者Lysholm膝关节功能评分和国际膝关节文献委员会膝关节评估表评分的影响[中位数(P25,P75),分]Table 3 Effect of isokinetic eccentric training with or without whey protein supplement on Lysholm knee score and the International Knee Documentation Committee knee evaluation form score in ACL ruptured patients[median(P27,P75),score]
本研究显示,ACL患者进行离心训练的同时增加分离乳清蛋白摄入可以更好地增加股四头肌力量,减少胫骨前移,显著增加Lysholm膝关节主观功能评分,即显著改善膝关节功能及膝关节稳定性,这可能与补充乳清蛋白有利于患肢屈伸肌肌肉合成,增加患肢肌肉量有关。分离乳清蛋白是天然的完全蛋白质,富含支链氨基酸,特别是亮氨酸,易吸收,被誉为“快蛋白”。多项研究均表明抗阻训练联合乳清蛋白补充增肌效果显著[26- 28];Karelis等[29]研究显示抗阻训练联合乳清蛋白补充可增加肌力39.3%,比抗阻训练加酪蛋白高8.3%。本研究两组蛋白摄入量均为70 g/d,补充乳清蛋白组由于从膳食中摄入的蛋白量减少使总蛋白质摄入量并未增加,提示分离乳清蛋白增肌效果优于混合膳食蛋白和酪蛋白[29]。分离乳清蛋白富含亮氨酸,亮氨酸是肌肉合成的启动分子,通过雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1途径[14]刺激肌肉蛋白质合成(R=1.26,95%CI=0.46~ 2.07),且存在剂量-效应关系(10~20 g)[30]。抗阻运动(本研究的等速离心训练也是抗阻运动之一)的同时补充蛋白质,吸收快的可溶性蛋白可以更有效地缓解抗阻训练后的肌肉疲劳,促进肌肉恢复,增加肌肉量[31- 32]。此外,乳清蛋白富含支链氨基酸高达26%,可以在运动中供给能量[33],更有利于增加肌力及做功。ACL断裂患者活动受限,很容易发生肌肉萎缩,适当的优质蛋白质补充有利于维护肌肉量和肌力。
本研究ACL断裂受试者在术前进行离心训练时无疼痛和其他不适、不良反应;在整个6周的研究期间也无疼痛、不适等不良反应,提示ACL断裂患者在术前进行股四头肌离心训练,安全可行。该研究有待扩大样本量进一步验证;术前干预对ACL患者术后的康复效果有待随访。对干预周期和干预中如何把握屈伸肌肌力平衡,以及乳清蛋白补充量也有待进一步深入研究。
综上,本研究通过随机对照临床研究,初探ACL断裂患者在术前进行等速离心训练可以显著增加患侧下肢肌力,改善股四头肌力量和膝关节功能,联合补充分离乳清蛋白效果更佳。ACL断裂患者术前进行离心训练促进康复安全、有效、可行;运动训练的同时给予适量的优质蛋白营养支持,有利于ACL断裂患者康复。
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EffectsofPreoperativeIsokineticEccentricTrainingandWheyProteinIsolateSupplementonQuadricepsStrengthandKneeFunctioninPatientswithAnteriorCruciateLigamentRupture
ZHANG Xiaoyuan,HUANG Hongshi,YANG Jie,YU Yuanyuan,ZHANG Dongxia,CHANG Cuiqing
Institute of Sports Medicine,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,China
CHANG Cuiqing Tel:010- 62355515,E-mail:changcuiqing@126.com,13521960678@163.com
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of preoperative isokinetic eccentric training with or not whey protein isolate supplement before operation on lower limb muscle strength and knee function in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.MethodsA total of 22 male volunteers aged 18- 40 years with ACL rupture were recruited in outpatient service. With randomized block design,subjects were randomly assigned to isokinetic eccentric training (IE) group and isokinetic eccentric training with whey protein isolate supplement (IE+WPI) group. The IE group
isokinetic eccentric training of the injured limb on an isokinetic dynamometer under the guidance of physiatrist in laboratory before operation. There were 3- 4 sets per day with 8- 10 repetitions for each set,twice a week,with at least one day between sessions. The IE+WPI group were supplied with whey protein isolate 22 g per day on the basis of isokinetic eccentric training,taking breakfast or 30- 60 minutes after the training. The intervention lasted for 6 weeks. Isokinetic muscle strength of limbs,the function and laxity of knee,the circumferences of thigh and knee,and the body composition were measured before and after the treatment.ResultsCompared with baseline,the peak torque (PT) of isokinetic-eccentric contraction (IE group:41.0%,P=0.018;IE+WPI group:46.7%,P=0.008) and the concentric contraction (IE group:29.6%,P=0.018;IE+WPI group:38.9%,P=0.038) of quadriceps in the two training groups significantly increased after isokinetic eccentric training. The Lysholm score increased significantly in IE+WPI group compared with baseline (P=0.018).ConclusionsIsokinetic eccentric training before operation for ACL rupture patients can increase the strength of quadriceps and improve the function of knees. Protein isolate supplement can improve such effect.
isokinetic eccentric training;whey protein isolate;anterior cruciate ligament rupture;quadriceps;muscle strength
ActaAcadMedSin,2017,39(6):792-799
常翠青 电话:010- 62355515,电子邮件:changcuiqing@126.com,13521960678@163.com
国家体育总局重点研究项目(2014B003) Supported by the Key Research Project of the State Sports General Administration (2014B003)
R686.5;R648;R493
A
1000- 503X(2017)06- 0792- 08
10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2017.06.010
2017- 08- 08)