右美托咪定对颌面整形手术全麻苏醒期躁动的影响研究
2018-01-05方秋英
方秋英
[摘要]目的:探討右美托咪定对颌面整形手术全身麻醉患者苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择笔者医院2017年1月-2017年12月行颌面整形手术全麻患者60例,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为右美托咪定组和生理盐水对照组,每组30例。右美托咪定组在全麻诱导开始前15min内,静脉泵注0.5μg/kg右美托咪定,术中继续以0.34~0.4μg/kg/h维持泵注;生理盐水对照组静脉泵注等量的生理盐水。记录麻醉前基础值(T0)、吸痰时(T1)、拨管时(T2)、拔管后15min(T3)时的MAP、HR。记录T2、T3时躁动发生情况和T3时Ramsay镇静评分,同时记录丙泊酚、舒芬太尼的用量,麻醉时间、手术时间,苏醒时间及不良反应情况。结果:两组患者性别、年龄、体重、麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。右美托咪定组丙泊酚、舒芬太尼用量少于生理盐水对照组,且右美托咪定组T3时Ramsay镇静评分高于生理盐水对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组T0、T3时点的MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);右美托咪定组T1、T2时点的HR、MAP明显低于生理盐水对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。右美托咪定组仅发生轻度躁动1例,无中、重度躁动发生,躁动发生率为3.3%;生理盐水对照组发生中度2例,重度3例,发生率为16.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:低剂量右美托咪定持续静脉泵注对颌面整形手术患者全麻苏醒期躁动有显著的防治作用,并且能维持稳定的血流动力学,不延长苏醒时间。
[关键词]右美托咪定;颌面整形手术;苏醒期躁动;全身麻醉
[中图分类号]R622 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2018)10-0073-03
Abstract: Objective To investigate the influence of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation of patients after maxillofacial plastic surgery under general anesthesia. Methods 60 cases of patients treated with maxillofacial plastic surgery under general anesthesia in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were selected and randomly divided into the two groups, the dexmedetomidine group and the normal saline control group according to the random number table, 30 cases in each group. Within 15min prior to the general anesthesia induction, the dexmedetomidine group was given 0.5μg/kg dexmedetomidine by intravenous pumping, and such intravenous pumping was maintained at 0.34-0.4μg/kg/h during surgery. The normal saline control group was given an equal amount of normal saline by intravenous pumping. Pre-anesthesia baseline value (T0), MAP and HR during sputum aspiration (T1), during extubation (T2) and 15min after extubation (T3) were recorded. The rate of agitation at T2 and T3 and Ramsay score at T3 were recorded, and the dosages of propofol and sufentanil, duration of anesthesia, duration of surgery, recovery time and adverse reaction were also recorded. Results There was no significant difference in sex, age, weight, anesthesia time, operation time and recovery time between the two groups(P>0.05). The dosage of propofol and sufentanil in dexmedetomidine group was lower than that in the normal saline control group, and the Ramsay sedation score at T3 in the dexmedetomidine group was higher than that in the normal saline control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no significant difference in MAP and HR between the two groups at T0 and T3(P>0.05). The HR and MAP of T1 and T2 in the dexmedetomidine group were significantly lower than those in the normal saline control group(P<0.05). In the dexmedetomidine group, only 1 case had mild restlessness, no moderate or severe restlessness, the incidence of restlessness was 3.3%. and in the normal saline control group, 2 cases had moderate and 3 cases had severe restlessness, the incidence was 16.7%, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The continuous intravenous pumping of low-dosage dexmedetomidine has significant preventive and therapeutic effects on emergence agitation of patients after maxillofacial plastic surgery under general anesthesia, and it can maintain the stable hemodynamics, without prolonging the recovery time.
Key words: dexmedetomidine; maxillofacial plastic surgery; emergence agitation; general anesthesia
躁动为全麻苏醒期一种无理性行为,表现为兴奋性,无意识的肢体运动、呻吟及哭喊,存在定向障碍[1]。而躁动的发生机理尚未完全阐明,文献称与所用麻醉药物、手术方式、患者个体因素等有关[2],以往常采用静脉注射曲马多、咪达唑仑、丙泊酚或氟芬合剂等应急处理,易引起呼吸抑制或苏醒延迟,而颌面整形全麻手术结束后需尽早苏醒,拨管后能自理呼吸道,一旦发生躁动不容忽视,主要是由于手术区域与呼吸道共用通道,且血流丰富,若处理不当,一方面可使切口缝合处裂开出血,导致误吸引发呼吸道梗阻,甚至危及生命;另一方面对合良好的内固定移位,易引起手术失败或畸形产生,引发纠纷。因此本研究以低剂量右美托咪定持续静脉泵注,简单易行,对预防苏醒期躁动的发生取得了较好的临床效果,特此报道,旨为临床用药提供参考。
1 资料和方法
1.1 一般资料:本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,与所有患者均签署知情同意书。选择笔者医院2017年1月-2017年12月行下颌角截骨外板去除术,颧骨颧弓降低术、正颌术、下颌角截骨+颏成型术等患者60例,其中男9例,女51例;年龄18~45岁;ASA I或Ⅱ级;手术时间(85.0±17.2)min;不存在经鼻气管插管困难者。随机数字表法分为右美托咪定组和生理盐水对照组,每组30例。排除标准:①右美托咪定过敏者;②精神病史者;③心动过缓,心率失常者;④有心肺脑疾病史者。
1.2 方法:所有患者术前禁食12h,禁饮4h,未用术前药。入室接监测仪监测心率(Heart rate,HR)、平均动脉压(Mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心电图(Electrocardiogram,ECG)、血氧饱和度(Oxygen saturation,SpO2)的基础值后,给予麻黄素5mg两侧鼻滴,盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01mg/kg静注。麻醉选择经鼻气管插管静脉全身麻醉。麻醉诱导:依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg,枸椽酸舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg,维库溴铵0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚1~2mg/kg。麻醉维持:持续泵注丙泊酚6~8mg/kg/h,舒芬太尼0.26~0.52μg/kg/h,术中根据需要间断静脉注射维库溴铵1~2mg,40min前停止追加肌松剂。右美托咪定组在全麻诱导前15min内静脉泵注0.5μg/kg右美托咪定,术中继续以0.34~0.4μg/kg/h维持泵注;生理盐水对照组泵注等量生理盐水,手术开始缝皮时停止泵注静脉麻醉药。当患者血压低于90/45mmHg时,给予多巴胺2mg静注,HR慢于50次/min时,给予阿托品0.5mg静注。
1.3 观察指标:记录麻醉前基础值(T0)、吸痰时(T1)、拨管时(T2)、拔管后15min(T3)时的MAP、HR。记录T2、T3时躁动发生情况和T3时Ramsay镇静评分,同时记录丙泊酚、舒芬太尼的用量,麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间及不良反应(低血压、心动过缓、镇静过度、恶心呕吐)。
躁动评估:0级为无躁动,安静合作;Ⅰ级为轻度躁动,吸痰等刺激时发生躁动,停止后不躁动;Ⅱ级为中度躁动,无刺激下发生躁动,需固定上肢;Ⅲ级为重度躁动,无意识地挣扎需要按压四肢,需给予镇静镇痛药物制止。
镇静评分:1分,患者烦燥不安;2分,患者清醒安静合作;3分,患者嗜睡,对指令有反应,敏捷;4分,嗜睡可唤醒;5分,嗜睡,对呼唤反应迟钝;6分,嗜睡无任何反应。评分2~4分为理想反应;5~6分镇静过度。
1.4 统计学分析:采用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x?±s)表示,采用t检验;计数资料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者一般情况比较:两组患者性别、年龄、体重、麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。右美托咪定组丙泊酚、舒芬太尼用量少于生理盐水对照组,且右美托咪定组T3时Ramsay镇静评分高于生理盐水对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组各时点MAP、HR检测结果:两组T0、T3时点的MAP、HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);右美托咪定组T1、T2时点的HR明显减慢,MAP明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组躁动发生情况比较:右美托咪定组仅发生轻度躁动1例,无中、重度躁动发生,躁动发生率为3.3%;生理盐水对照组发生中度2例,重度3例,發生率为16.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。两组心动过缓、血压降低各发生1例,均无呼吸抑制及恶心呕吐等不良反应发生。
3 讨论
右美托咪定是一种新型,高选择性α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,主要作用于蓝斑核和脊髓后脚突触前的α2受体,具有明显的镇静镇痛及抗交感作用[3],并减少术后躁动等优点[4]。本研究参考相关文献[5-7],右美托咪定组在麻醉诱导前15min内以0.5μg/kg右美托咪定静脉泵注,术中继续以0.34~0.4μg/kg/h速率维持泵注。
本研究结果显示,右美托咪定组通过提前输注右美托咪定干预,患者术前焦虑紧张情绪得到缓解,苏醒期躁动发生率明显降低,术后恢复良好;生理盐水对照组中、重度躁动发生率高于右美托咪定组,患者不满意度和麻醉风险增加,且T3时Ramsay镇静评分,明显低于右美托咪定组;又因为右美托咪定的机制能够维持自然非动眼睡眠,保持良好的定向能力和唤醒能力,同时降低谵妄和躁动发生率[8]。
本次两组患者在丙泊酚复合舒芬太尼静脉麻醉下均顺利完成颌面整形手术,且术中未发生知晓反应,右美托咪定组丙泊酚和舒芬太尼用量少于生理盐水对照组,又能更稳定维持循环,提示右美托咪定能减少镇痛镇静药物的用量,这与文献报道一致[9-10],与右美托咪定具有镇痛,交感阻滞作用有关[11-12]。右美托咪定对循环系统具有双相调节功能[13],本研究中,右美托咪定组使用右美托咪定后心动过缓和低血压发生率并不高,可能是剂量小的原因,或者是术前麻黄素滴鼻的效用,正好与右美托咪定引起心率减慢,血压降低拮抗。这一现象有待进一步研究。
综上所述,低剂量右美托咪定对颌面整形手术全麻患者苏醒期躁动有显著的防治作用,且能维持稳定的血流动力学,不延长苏醒时间。
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[收稿日期]2018-07-09 [修回日期]2018-08-10
編辑/朱婉蓉