例谈原词复现和语境的关联性在高考英语完形填空中的运用
2017-12-19孙庆江
孙庆江
【摘要】本文就高考英语完形填空的解题方法从“原词复现”和语篇的关联性这一角度入手,以2012年合肥模考试卷和近年高考试卷为素材,用大量详实的案例,分析完形填空强化对语言知识与应用的考查,着眼于语篇的关联性和完整性,突出语境,注重语篇,强调语用的特点。
【关键词】完型填空 原词复现 关联性 整体性
高考英语完形填空着重测试考查学生的把握全篇,根据上下文进行综合分析、推理判断、动词语境分析、行文的逻辑关系等综合运用英语的能力。在解题时,应首先跳过空格处快速通读全文,了解文章主旨和情节脉络,确定解题思路。关键是考生要根据话题和上下文的关联,借助已知信息“重现文意的过程”,在语境中考查对语篇意义的连贯性和使用词语的准确性。“完形”须先“完意”,即在把握语篇的宏观结构、领会其主旨大意的基础上,根据行文逻辑关系、句子结构和词语的含义,准确理解空白处的确切意义,以恢复语篇的完整。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇,围绕一个话题论述,因此,行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则,某一个空格对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词,考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以,解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索,利用上下文寻找解题信息,如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下一词和概括词等。空白处的词语要么是相关语句信息的结合点,要么是句式结构连接点,要么是语篇衔接的纽带。还可能是因为文章中因为上下文关联性的原词复现。下面就以2012年合肥模考试卷和近年高考试卷为素材,就完形填空中原词复现和语境的关联性谈一谈自己粗浅的认识。
【2012.合肥三模】What if you need more information on a subject but your class doesnt have _____ to the Internet?...When on the Internet, all you have to do is ____ what you are looking for and you can get endless information on that 47
A. problem B. question C. subject D. matter
【解題思路】答案:C 原词再现。上文…on a subject…下文正好出现on that 47 ,注重语篇上下文的联系性,解题时要瞻前顾后,上下求索。
【2012.合肥三模】If teachers give this 48 ,then students do need to respect it and not (49)(abuse) the freedom. That means if a teacher allows you to look up something,…
48 .A. request B. permission C. kindness D. honour
【解题思路】答案:B 此题依然属于原词再现。只不过词性发生了变化。下文的…a teacher allows you to…老师允许你去查询某事,即上文teachers give this 48 的原意重现,老师给出这个允许。
【2012.合肥二模】The American parenting style is characterized by an active interest and involvement in childrens lives…This way of 39 may not be considered valuable in other parts of the world,
39. A. consulting B. arguing C. referring D. parenting
【解题思路】答案:D 原词复现。上文The American parenting style…,下文This way of 39 ,复现 parenting.
【2012.合肥二模】American parents 50 children with a strong support system and give them 51 in their own abilities. When children are fully confident that their parents are concerned
52 and affected by their behavior,they become 53 and self-assured.
51. A. support B. assistance C. judgment D. confidence
【解题思路】答案:D 下文有When children are fully confident that their parents are concerned…由此可知give them confidence in their own abilities. 原词重现,词性发生了改变,形容词confident变成了名词confidence.
【2011.全国Ⅰ】The professor…placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans,and invited the students to
38 how many beans the jar contained. After 39 shouts of wildly wrong guesses.
38. A . count B. guess C . report D. watch
【解题思路】答案:B. 此题属于原词复现,只不过词性发生了变化。在后一句,即39空后,有wrong guesses,所以可知此处教授是让学生们猜测罐中有多少干豆。
【2011.北京】…I didnt even know the rules of the game… I practiced and practiced. Soon I knew the 49 and the “moves”.
49. A.steps B. orders C.rules D.games
【解题思路】答案:C.在上文中有这样一句话 …I didnt even know the rules of the game… 这是原词复现,作者开始对篮球规则不知道,但是经过反复训练后,很快就知道“规则”(rules)了。
【2011.湖南】After considering this phenomenon,I decided I was going to 36 the way I was doing things. …this is where I should have changed…
A. change B. explain C. learn D. show
【解题思路】答案:A.考查动词。考虑到这一现象,我决定改变(change)我做事的方式。后面有原词重现提示 …this is where I should have changed…
原词重现是指某一个词以它的原词、同根词、同义词、近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词以及意思相关的短语或句子的形式,在文章中反复出现,以使上下文衔接得更加紧密,或以达到强调的目的。重现的形式通常有三种:原词或同根词重现,同义词、近义词或反义词重现和上下义词重现。其中考查最多的是实词,比如名词、动词等,这类词一般涉及名词的种类、范围、性质、同一个动词在上下文出现,或者该动词以名词的形式出现在上下文中(同源复现)。endprint