APP下载

动词不定式的用法种种

2017-12-19胥静

校园英语·中旬 2017年13期
关键词:谓语状语宾语

胥静

纵观中考英语试题,动词不定式的用法是必考项目之一。在2011年版义务教育《英语课程标准》中,对中考非谓语动词的考查范围为:动词不定式做宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语。因为不定式的用法复杂,往往有的考生无所适从,在英语各种考试中,看着简单都会做,但是一做就容易错,是典型的失分较多的一个考点。

动词的不定式是属于非谓语动词中的一员,是一种比较特殊的动词,它在句子中不可以做谓语,它没有人称和数的变化,不受任何限定。

一、动词不定式的结构分为带to的和不带to两种

1.带to的不定式变化有以下几种:一般式;进行式;完成式;被动式

(1)一般式:表示的动作通常和谓语动词动作同时发生或者其后发生 例如:

Tom seems to know everything. 汤姆似乎无所不知。

I hope to go to Shanghai next week. 我希望下周去上海。

其否定形式只要在to前面加上not. 典型错误:Try to not be late. Try to dont be late.尽量不要迟到

正确的是:Try not to be late.

(2)进行式:和进行式一样,动词不定式的进行式(to be doing)用于描述在我们谈论的时间正在继续的动作。例如:Dont pretend to be working seriouly. 不要假装工作很认真。

I noticed that he seemed to be coughing a lot. 我注意到他似乎咳嗽咳得很厉害。

(3)完成式:形式为 to have done sth. 用法与过去式和完成式一样。例如:

Im sorry to have let you wait for such a long time. 我很抱歉,让你等了那么长时间。

(4)被动式:当主语是谓语动词的承受者,to be 放在过去分词之前,形式为to be done。例如:Your car requires to be fixed before you go on a trip to Tibet. 在去西藏之前,你的车需要修理好。

Nothing seems to have been forgotten. 似乎什么也没有被遗忘。

2.不带to的动词不定式如下:

(1)情态助动词如 will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, dear和must之后。例如:

Must I finish my homework before playing football?我必须完成作业才可以去踢足球吗?

How dear you call me a liar?你胆敢说我撒谎?

(2)let, make, hear, watch, notice,help(在非正式文體

中),及(在少数结构中)have和know。例如:The strict mother doesnt let her children stay up late even during the holidays. 即使是放假期间,这位严格的母亲也不让她的孩子们很晚才睡。

Could you help me unload the car?你能帮我把汽车上的东西卸下来吗?

(3) had better do sth. would rather do sth. have nothing to do but do sth. Why not do sth. 例如:

You look so tired, youd better go home and have a good rest. 你看上去很累,最好回家好好休息。

The twins would rather stay at home on such a rainy day. 这样一个下雨天,双胞胎宁可待在家里。

We have nothing to do but wait. 除了等待,我们别无选择。

(4)当make,hear这样的词在被动句中,后面就要把省略to的不定式写出来。例如:

She was made to pay back the money. 她被迫还了钱。

She was heard to say that she disagreed. 人们听见她表示不同意。

二、在句中的语法成分

动词不定式具有名词,形容词和副词的特征,在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。两者的结合构成了动词不定式短语。例如:

(1)作主语 To learn English well is very useful. 学好英语非常有用。

To master a special skill is of great importance. 掌握一门技术很重要。

有的时候通常用形式主语it代替,不定式被放在句末。例如:

It is of great importance to master a special skill. 掌握一门技术很重要。

(2)作表语 表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等 例如:

My duty is to help children to grow better. 我的任务是帮助孩子们更好地成长。

Mr Green seemed to know this place very well. 格林先生似乎非常了解这个地方。endprint

(3)作宾语 构成动宾结构 例如:

My grandpa is learning to use the computer. 我的爷爷正在学习使用电脑。

(4)作定语 例如:

She is always the first to come to school. 她总是第一个到校的。

You must think of a way to protect them. 你必须想出一个办法保护他们。

(5)作宾语补足语 例如:

The policeman told the little boy not to play in the street. 警察告诉孩子们不要在街上玩耍。

The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down. 鳄鱼等着猴子下来。

(6)作状语

A.表示目的 例如:

To get up late, Tom turn off the alarm. 为了晚点起床,汤姆把闹钟关了。

To hear the professor clearly, I chose to be seated in the front. 为了听清教授的讲话,我选择了前面的位子。

B.表示结果 例如:

He hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday. 他匆忙赶到学校,结果发现是星期天。

He was too young to join the army. 他还没有到参军的年龄。

C.表示原因 例如:

We are very happy to hear the good news. 我们非常高兴听到这个好消息。

Im pleased to be invited to talk here. 我很高兴被邀在这里讲话。

(7)在疑问词how, when, where, what, which等后面作宾语或宾补。例如:

How to stop polluting the river is a big problem. 如何才能停止对河流的污染是一个大问题。

The question is how to strat the work. 问题是如何才能开始这项工作。

三、常用的不定式句型

1. There is no time left (for sb.) to do sth.沒有时间去做某事 例如:

There was no time for me to think about it. 我没有时间再考虑这件事了。

2. It takes sb. time to do sth. 花费某人多少时间做某事 例如:

It takes Linda half an hour to read English every morning. Linda每天花半个小时读英语。

3.too+形容词+(for sb.) to do sth. 太……而不能……例如:

Mary is too young to go to school alone. 玛丽太小了,不能独自上学。

This maths problem is too hard for us to work it out. 这道数学题太难,我们做不出来。

4.形容词+enough+ (for sb.) to do sth 足够……可以……例如:

Mr Wu is patient enough to repeat grammar rules for us. 吴老师足够有耐心给我们重复语法规则。

The child is not tall enough to reach the apple on the tree. 孩子不是足够高可以够到树上的苹果。

5. prefer to do A rather than do B例如:

He preferred to go to work on foot rather than take a bus. 他宁可步行也不愿意坐公交车上班。

参考文献:

[1]义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)[M].北京师范大学出版社.

[2]Michael Swan Practical English Usage著.牛津英语用法指南(翻译本)[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1998.1.

[3]朱崇军.初中英语语法全解[M].华东师范大学出版社,2006.6.

[4]Catherine Dawson.《牛津初中英语》八年级上册[M].译林出版社,2013.6.

[5]贺立民.贺氏英文法全书[M].中国科学技术出版社,1995.endprint

猜你喜欢

谓语状语宾语
非谓语动词
连词that引导的宾语从句
非谓语动词
状语从句热点透视
宾语从句及练习
在状语从句中探“虚实”
中考试题中的宾语从句
非谓语动词
状语从句
谁来管管“吃”的宾语?