一个叫特朗普的移民

文/泰德·威德默 译/马若星 审订/仲文明

一个叫特朗普的移民

文/泰德·威德默 译/马若星 审订/仲文明

Like millions of immigrants, Friedrich Trump disembarked1disembark下（车、船、飞机等）。at Castle Garden2一座位于美国纽约曼哈顿岛南端的圆形砂岩要塞，曾是美国的第一座移民站。, in New York, and made his way in a crowded,polyglot3polyglot通晓（或使用）多种语言的；多种语言混合组成的。, grossly4grossly非常；极度地。unequal city.

弗里德里希·特朗普

On October 19, 1885, the S.S. Eider approached Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and the Narrows, twelve days after it had departed Bremen, Germany. As the four-hundred-and-thirty-foot vessel navigated through New York Harbor, it would have passed Bedloe’s Island, on the port side, where an enormous pedestal55 pedestal（雕像等的）基座。was under construction. The Statue of Liberty was nearby, in crates66 crate大木箱，板条箱（运货用）。, not yet assembled. Like so much of America,she was a work in progress.

[2] On deck, a sixteen-year-old boy was carrying the hopes of his family,back home in Germany. The Drumpfs had long before simpli fi ed their name to Trump, and they were shedding the super fl uities7superfluity多余；过剩。of Europe in other ways, too.Friedrich, the young man on board, had trained as a barber’s apprentice, but saw little reason to stay in the small town of Kallstadt, in the Palatinate8指德国莱茵-普法尔茨州（Rhineland-Palatinate）的一个地区，历史上是一个著名的行宫伯爵领地，1815至1918年间曾归属于巴伐利亚王国。行宫伯爵（count palatine）是负责驻守和管理行宫的领主，palatine一词在德语中对应的是pfalz（行宫），为了方便指称，一般把这个领地音译为“普法尔茨”。, where his prospects were limited. He harbored higher aspirations.

[3] For Trump, as for most immigrants to New York at the time, the point where he would disembark was Castle Garden, at the foot of Manhattan. Castle Garden was neither a castle nor a garden but an old fort. Its original purpose was to repulse9repulse击退。the British, who appeared likely to invade again. But,as the city grew, priorities shifted, developers sniffed around10sniff around四处打探。, and suddenly the old fort was welcoming foreigners instead of defending against them. Castle Garden was repurposed11repurpose（为适合新用途）对……稍加修改。as a beer garden, a musical theatre, and, finally,as the Emigrant Landing Depot, where immigrants were processed by the State of New York before they would begin new lives.

[4] From 1820 to 1892, eleven mil-lion new arrivals, today the ancestors of an estimated hundred million Americans, came through this multi-purpose structure, America’s first immigration facility. The building, renamed Castle Clinton, still stands near the boats that take tourists toward the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. The babel12babel嘈杂声（尤指讲多种语言）。该词源于《圣经》，指古巴比伦人建筑未成的通天塔〔见《圣经·创世记》〕。of foreign languages spoken by tourists visiting it bears a rough sonic13sonic声音的。similarity to those around Castle Garden in 1885.In German/Yiddish slang,kesselgartenbecame a word to describe a chaotic situation with a lot of people speaking at once.

[5] Friedrich presumably met his sister Katherine, who had come to America before him, and was married to a clerk named Friedrich Schuster. She would have known about the Eider’s approach from the telegraph wires already stretching under the Atlantic, and the reports of shipping that made up the back sections of newspapers.

[6] The next day’sTimesoffered a“very superior extra size mansion,” on Murray Hill. It was an era of extreme inequality. Before there was an income tax, there was little reason to conceal wealth. Cornelius Vanderbilt II was living in the largest private residence ever seen in Manhattan, a chateau14chateau（法国封建时代的）城堡；（尤指法国的）别墅。built as if it sat alongside the Loire, instead of Fifth Avenue. It held a hundred and thirty rooms, including a Moorish15Moorish摩尔式建筑的。smoking room, and took up an entire block at Fifth and Fifty-seventh.

[7] Trump’s sister lived in a very different New York from the Vanderbilts’.According to Gwenda Blair’s 2001 book, “The Trumps,” Friedrich moved in with Katherine and Fred Schuster, at 76 Forsyth Street, in what is now Chinatown, a modest structure that is the first of all the Trump Palaces, Parcs16parc〈法语〉大花园，公园。,Plazas, Casinos, Hotels, and other edifi ces17edifice大厦；宏伟建筑。to follow.

[8] In 1885, the same year that Friedrich Trump arrived, another immigrant who had entered New York through Castle Garden, in June, 1870,was wandering the same streets. The son of a Danish schoolteacher, Jacob Riis18（1849—1914），丹麦裔美国籍新闻记者、社会改革家、摄影家，1890年出版的《另一半人怎样生活》（How the Other Half Lives）如实描绘了贫民窟，震撼了美国人的良知，并促使美国通过了第一个改进贫民窟生活条件的法案。在摄影方面，他被认为是在摄影中运用闪光灯技术的先驱之一。was on his way to fi nding his own method of exposing overcrowding. In a couple of years, he would discover a new technique of using magnesium to create fl ashes of light for photographic purposes, making it possible to give the public a glimpse of the dark basements that slum dwellers crowded into.

[9] What comes through in all of his photographs was the sheer19sheer（用来强调事物的大小、程度或数量）十足的；全然的。density of humanity packed into these structures.When one contemplates the numbing20numbing使麻木的。grandiosity of the modern Trump structures, with their massive square footage,their high ceilings, their mirrors to make everything seem even larger, it is almost as if there is a vestigial21vestigial残留的。memory of a time when the Lower East Side22下东区，纽约最早移民和工人阶级密集居住的区域，位于东村（East Village）以南，金融街以北。was the most crowded place on the planet.

[10] A year after Friedrich’s arrival,in 1886, Forsyth Street saw the opening of the Neighborhood Guild, a new kind of “settlement house” designed to ease the passage of new immigrants into a crowded country. As new waves of immigrants followed, the little street adapted. After the pogroms23pogrom〈俄〉（有组织的）大屠杀；集体迫害（尤指帝俄时代对犹太人的大屠杀）。in Russia,the Lower East Side became a Jewish neighborhood, nestled inside the footprint of Kleindeutschland244 19世纪中晚期曼哈顿下东区的一个德国移民聚居区。. Old churches became new synagogues25synagogue犹太教会堂。;new mutual-aid societies replaced the old ones, and everyday life continued,much as it had before.

[11] Today, the building Friedrich once lived in on Forsyth Street houses a tiny Japanese restaurant on the first floor, and a series of apartments above.The basement stairs lead to the Fujianese

American Eldridge Activity Center—a lengthy name for a place where men play mah-jongg. Next door, at 74B Forsyth Street, is the Golden Bird Barbershop, whose spinning pole conjures26conjure使……变戏法般地出现（或消失）；想象出。memories of Friedrich’s original profession.

[12] In 1891, Friedrich was off to Washington State before going to the Klondike regions, where he pursued a colorful career providing food, liquor,and women to miners—a period that is well-documented by Gwenda Blair.He came back to New York enriched,a decade later, and continued to move around, trying the Bronx before settling in the Woodhaven section of Queens,where the Trump empire put down deeper roots than it had in Manhattan,and where his grandson, now President of the United States, was raised. He died in 1918, on the eve of a Memorial Day parade, likely one of the many victims of the Spanish- fl u epidemic.

[13] Those early years of struggle had proved to be seminal27seminal（对以后的发展）影响深远的。in the life of a teenage immigrant, and of the dynasty he went on to found. New York had not exactly welcomed him with open arms,but it had not turned him away, either.

[14] Americans did not speak with one mind about the waves of refugees and other kinds of immigrants arriving every year. A series of legislative acts were passed by Congress in the eighteen-eighties, restricting immigrants from Asia, taxing those from Europe,and creating the need for a stronger bureaucracy to handle the great infusion28infusion注入。.At the same time, the great spaces of America cried out for29cry out for急需。more citizens,and they came to answer the call.

[15] It is impossible to know what the passengers on the Eider thought of the giant pedestal on Bedloe’s Island, as the ship steamed toward Castle Garden in October, 1885. Possibly, the un fi nished landmark struck them as30struck sb as让某人觉得。the perfect symbol already—a foundation to build upon. Well below the giant pedestal upon which the Statue of Liberty would come to stand, there is an even older eleven-pointed fortification31fortification堡垒；防御工事。, built when New Yorkers feared a foreign invasion. In other words, the complex sends a mixed message—a welcoming statue atop an old fort designed to repel foreign invaders. The paradoxes will endure as long as Americans insist on building the biggest houses, and the highest walls, and proclaim themselves to be the greatest winners in the history of Earth, without expecting the world’s billions to try very hard to join us in ourkesselgarten. ■

与数百万移民一样，弗里德里希·特朗普在纽约的花园城堡上岸，踏入这个拥挤不堪、多语种混杂、贫富分化严重的城市。

1885年10月19日，也就是从德国不来梅启程12天之后，S.S.艾德号先后抵达新泽西州的桑迪胡克和纽约湾海峡。这艘长达430英尺的轮船穿过纽约港，驶经港口一侧的贝德罗岛，那里正在修建一个巨大的基座。自由女神像的部件就放置在不远的大木箱中，还未开始组装。此时大半个美国如自由女神像一样，也是百废待兴。

[2]一个16岁的男孩站在甲板上，身上背负着远在德国的家人的厚望。很久以前，他所在的德鲁姆夫家族就把自己的姓氏简化为特朗普，同时还通过其他方式摆脱欧洲的繁缛。船上的这个年轻人就是弗里德里希，在理发店当学徒，但他不愿意留在普法尔茨的卡尔斯塔特小镇上，那儿没什么前途，而他却有更高的追求。

[3]特朗普和当时前往纽约的大多数移民一样，下船的地点是曼哈顿的花园城堡。花园城堡既不是城堡，也不是花园，而是一座古堡垒。修建堡垒的初衷是为了抵御英国人进攻，因为当时英国人有可能再度入侵。但随着城市不断扩张，发展重心转移，开发商四处寻觅商机，转眼间，古堡不再防御外国人，反而敞开双臂欢迎他们。花园城堡被改造成啤酒广场和音乐剧院，并最终演变为移民登陆站。移民都要先在这里办理纽约州政府的相关手续才能开始他们的新生活。

[4] 1820年至1892年间，1100万新移民，也就是如今约一亿美国人的祖先，通过美国首个移民管理设施——花园城堡这一多功能建筑，进入了美国。该建筑后来更名为克林顿城堡，如今仍矗立在运载游客前往自由女神像和埃利斯岛的船只附近。前来参观的游客语言各异，这一情形与1885年大致相仿。在德语或意第绪语的俚语里，kesselgarten一词用来形容许多人同时说话混乱嘈杂的情形。

[5]弗里德里希的姐姐凯瑟琳比他先来美国，嫁给了一位叫弗里德里希·舒斯特的文员。弗里德里希应该先与她会了面。那时电报线已经铺设到大西洋底，凯瑟琳可能通过电报和报纸后几版刊登的航运信息得知艾德号抵达的消息。

[6]第二天的《纽约时报》刊登了一则广告，推销“默里山超大豪宅”。那是个极端不平等的时代。当时还没有收入所得税，也就没有必要藏富。科尼利厄斯·范德比尔特二世就住在曼哈顿最大的私人住宅里，那不像是第五大道上的别墅，倒像是坐落在卢瓦尔河畔的一座法式城堡。它占据了第五大道和57街的整个街区，有130个房间，其中包括一间摩尔式建筑风格的吸烟室。

[7]特朗普的姐姐在纽约的住处和范德比尔特的住所相差甚远。据格温达·布莱尔在其2001年著作《特朗普一家》中的记载，弗里德里希搬到了福赛斯街76号（现在唐人街的位置）凯瑟琳和弗雷德·舒斯特夫妇的住所。那所房子不过是座普通的建筑，却成了以后特朗普宫殿、特朗普广场、特朗普赌场、特朗普酒店等所有这一切的发端。

[8] 1885年，也就是弗里德里希·特朗普到达美国的那一年，另一位移民在同一个街区徘徊。他叫雅各布·里斯，是一名丹麦教师的儿子，在1870年6月通过花园城堡进入了纽约。当时他正在想方设法向外界展示人满为患的贫民窟。几年后，他发现了镁光灯技术，让公众得以看到贫民蜗居的地下室有多么拥挤黑暗。

[9]雅各布的所有照片都体现了这些建筑里人口之密集。现代特朗普建筑，占地面积广，楼层高，加之有放大效果的镜子，让人恍惚间会忘记下东区曾是地球上最为拥挤的地方。

[10] 1886年，也就是弗里德里希到美国的第二年，睦邻公会在福赛斯街创立。这是为新移民建的“安置房”，旨在缓解大量新移民涌入拥挤城市的压力。随着新移民潮的到来，这条小街道也发生了变化。俄罗斯大屠杀后，下东区成了犹太人聚居地，坐落在原来的小德意志区范围内。基督教堂也因此变成了犹太教堂；老式协会由新型互助协会取而代之，日常生活仍同往常一样，周而复始。

[11]如今，福赛斯街上弗里德里希昔日住所的一楼是一家小型日本餐厅，楼上则是公寓。地下室是美国福建同乡埃尔德里奇活动中心，名字冗长，其实是玩麻将的地方。隔壁福赛斯街74B号是黄金鸟理发店，门口的旋转灯箱会让人想起弗里德里希最初的职业。

[12] 1891年，弗里德里希前往华盛顿州，之后又去了克朗代克地区，在那里他开始了丰富多彩的职业生涯——向矿工售卖食物、酒水和女人。格温达·布莱尔对此进行了详细的记录。十年后，他赚得盆满钵满回到了纽约，之后又继续四处漂泊，先在布朗克斯区暂住，最后在皇后区的伍德黑文定居下来。在这里他为特朗普帝国打下比在曼哈顿时更深厚的根基。他的孙子，即现在的美国总统，也正是在这里长大。1918年纪念日游行前夕，弗里德里希去世，疑似感染了西班牙流感。

[13]事实证明，早年的艰苦奋斗对一名少年移民意义重大，而且对他日后建造的商业帝国也至关重要。纽约虽没有张开双臂热烈欢迎他，却也不曾将其拒之门外。

[14]每年美国都会涌现难民潮和移民潮，对这种现象美国人也是各持己见。19世纪80年代，国会通过一系列法案限制亚洲移民，对欧洲移民征税，因此也需要更庞大的官僚体制来处理这种大型移民输入。但与此同时，美国广袤的国土又急需更多居民入住，移民便回应这种需求，随之涌来。

[15] 1885年10月，艾德号驶向花园城堡时，对于贝德罗岛上的那个巨大基座，船上的乘客作何感想，我们不得而知。也许在他们看来，这一未完成的地标已经是一个完美的象征——新生活的基石。而在即将矗立起自由女神像的巨大基座之下，有一座更古老的防御工事，同样是十一边形，是当时纽约人担心外国人入侵而建立的。也就是说，一座迎客雕像，却坐落在抵御外敌的古老堡垒上，传达的信息十分矛盾。只要美国人仍然坚持要建最大的房子，筑最高的围墙，坚称自己是史上世界最大赢家，又不想让地球上数十亿人民尽一切努力加入我们的“花园城堡”，那这样的悖论就会一直延续。 □

An Immigrant Named Trump

ByTed Widmer

（译者单位：中南大学外国语学院）