“七选五” 阅读解题方法谈
2017-09-23胡瑞明
胡瑞明
与一般的阅读理解不同，“七选五”是一种更侧重于先了解文章整体结构和大意，然后顾及细节的阅读。它考查的重点在于文章的结构，需要同学们具有较强的逻辑思维、判断推理和整合的能力，能够从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识理解和分析长难句的能力。现结合2017高考英语试题来讲解如何做好“七选五”阅读理解题。
[依托词汇线索]
词汇线索主要包括代词线索和词汇复现两种情况。
1. 代词线索
英语表达中，代词出现的频率极高。代词主要是为避免重复，用于指代前面提到的人或物，有时也用于指代前面提到的名词或概念。巧妙利用这样的指代关系可以有效地帮助我们作出正确的选择。
例1 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） 39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently， we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.
G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
解析 F。空格后面句子中的主语代词We可知，空格所在的所填句子中应含有与we相一致的复数概念，再结合空格后面句子的句意“从那以后我们进行了很多次野营”可知应选F“这次野营之后，我的家人都对野营非常感兴趣了”。前句中的my family与后句中的we形成了段意上的一致。
2. 词汇复现
词汇复现指相同词汇的重复使用、同义词和近义词的复现或同一范畴词的复现。英语的线性思维表现为第一句话的宾语，往往是第二句的主语，或者前后句有相同或重叠的词语。这种前后句语义的衔接常以句子中关键词（常为名词、动词、形容词）的同义词、近义词组或反义词组复现的方式来实现。解题时可以利用这些词作为解题线索。
例2 （2017·全国卷Ⅱ） When you need to talk someone， dont do it in your own office. 39 ， its much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
A. If youre busy， dont feel bad about saying no
B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes
D. If youre in the other persons office or in a public area
E. Its important that you let them know when youll be available
F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not
解析 D。解答本題可利用词汇复现作为解题线索。对比本空以及所给的选项，可以看出空格前的in your own office与D项中的in the other persons office相对应。前文说“不要在自己的办公室谈事情”，后文说“如果你在别人的办公室或公共场合，借口要回去工作要容易得多”才是符合语境的。
[依据逻辑和衔接关系]
文章由段落组成，围绕中心话题展开。各段、句之间形成一定的语义逻辑关系，有总分、并列、层递、转折、对比、解释、例证、因果关系等。“七选五”阅读理解的解题策略之一就是理清这些关系，并据此选出正确答案。我们要熟记常见的逻辑关系的标识词。如：
表示转折关系的however， though， yet， on the contrary等；
表示因果关系的so， therefore， thus， as a result等；
表示顺序的at first， later， after， finally等；
表示并列与递进关系的and， whats more， not only ... but also， firstly， secondly等；
表示列举的some ... others， the second ...， the third ...， for one thing ... for another等。
例3 （2017·全國卷Ⅰ） ... We slept in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work， recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.
I was， nevertheless， talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead， we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.
G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
解析 A。由前文We sleep in a tent， cooked over an open fire， and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom可知作者第一次露营时住帐篷，露天生火做饭，走很远的距离去洗澡、上厕所，条件很艰苦。再根据后文中的表示转折关系的副词instead后的叙述“我们这次有野营车，里面有舒适的床和空调”可知作者第二次野营条件变好了，不再用帐篷了，故选A。
[依据空格位置]
1. 空格在段首
在一段的第一句设空的内容通常是该段的主旨句，解题时需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关的词或句，从而确定答案。
例4 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） 40 It must be true that sooner or later， everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.
G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
解析 E。本文是一篇记叙文，文章讲述了作者由不喜欢野营到喜欢野营的过程。本空位于文章最后一段，根据整篇文章的行文思路来看，最后一段是在总结、升华文章的中心思想，故结合本空格的后一句“每一个人迟早都会找到回归自然的方式”可判断出选E。
2. 空格在段中
段中设空可为段落主题句或展开句。解题时要注意分析空前后的逻辑关系。设空除了可能在以转折手法引出的主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文的具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将部分选项排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终确定哪个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，从而得出正确答案。
例5 （2017·全国卷Ⅱ） When people try to interrupt you， have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. 38 . It can help to eliminate（消除） future interruptions.
A. If youre busy， dont feel bad about saying no
B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes
D. If youre in the other persons office or in a public area
E. Its important that you let them know when youll be available
F. It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not
解析 E。空前一句说“当有人试图打扰你时，提出新的沟通时间，让他们在预约时间过来或者你去找他们”，空格后说“这样做能帮助你消除未来受到打扰的可能”，E项“让他们知道你什么时候有空是很重要的”可起承上启下的作用，故选E。
3. 空格在段尾
段尾句多为承上启下句或总结、概括句。解题时可从这个角度去思考：这一空是归纳本段主旨还是引出下一段的内容？如果在选项中找不出与前文的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否体现出了衔接。认真阅读下一段的开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
例6 （2017·全国卷Ⅲ）
Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If youre tired out by Friday night， sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week， a recent study found. 39
A. Get a sleep specialist.
B. Find the right motivation.
C. A better plan for sleep can help.
D. And consider setting a second alarm.
E. If the steps you take are working， keep it up.
F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time， no matter the day.
G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.
解析 F。由本段首句可知本段是在講述“在周末要坚持执行你的睡觉和起床时间表”。本空位于段尾且其后再无内容，故其应是起总结归纳本段主旨的作用而非是引出下一段的内容。F选项的句意“坚持你所设定的就寝和起床时间，不管是哪天”和本段主旨相符。故选F。endprint
