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IgA肾病孕妇的临床资料分析

2017-08-07黄蔚霞

中国妇幼健康研究 2017年6期
关键词:肾性尿蛋白肾病

陈 宇,黄蔚霞

(浙江中医药大学附属温州中医院肾内科,浙江 温州 325000)

IgA肾病孕妇的临床资料分析

陈 宇,黄蔚霞

(浙江中医药大学附属温州中医院肾内科,浙江 温州 325000)

目的 分析浙江中医药大学附属温州中医院近10年IgA肾病孕妇的妊娠结局及其危险因素。方法 选取我院2006年6月至2016年8月收治的IgA肾病孕妇86例的临床资料,分析其妊娠结局的影响因素。结果 86例患者共妊娠90次,妊娠20~40周,平均(36.2±5.6)周。58例为足月产,9例为早产,23例于妊娠28周前终止妊娠,分别占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%。67例胎儿中62例活胎,体重1 038.9~5 896.3 g,平均体重为(3 012.5±253.9)g;低体重儿14例,极低体重儿6例,分别占22.58%和9.67%。妊娠成功组年龄、平均动脉压、血肌酐、妊娠前24 h尿蛋白量显著低于失败组(t值分别为2.332、2.257、2.259、2.225,均P<0.05),血红蛋白显著高于失败组(t=2.302,P<0.05),Lee氏分级显著低于失败组(χ2=5.661,P<0.05)。两组病程、血清白蛋白、总胆固醇无显著性差异(t值分别为1.025、0.562、0.785,均P>0.05),且肾小球球性硬化、肾小球节段性硬化发生率均无显著性差异(χ2值分别为1.535、0.981,均P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、妊娠前肾性高血压、Lee氏分级、血红蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA肾病孕妇妊娠结局的独立影响因素(OR值分别为3.038、3.927、3.358、2.038,均P<0.05),年龄越大,Lee氏分级越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血红蛋白,伴有妊娠前肾性高血压的IgA肾病孕妇更易出现不良妊娠结局,胎儿预后亦差。结论 IgA肾病可能导致妊娠结局不良,其中妊娠前肾病的临床表现与妊娠结局存在紧密关系,应积极控制妊娠前上述症状,从而改善妊娠结局。

IgA肾病;孕妇;妊娠结局;危险因素

IgA肾病(immunoglobulin A nephropathy,IgAN)好发于育龄期妇女,是原发性肾小球肾炎的常见病理类型[1]。IgA肾病患者临床表现为反复发作的无症状性蛋白尿、血尿,伴或不伴高血压、水肿和肾功能损害等,其主要发病机制是IgA免疫球蛋白沉积导致肾小球系膜组织性增生发生炎性病变[2-3]。IgA肾病患者的妊娠问题一直是临床关注的重点,然而目前有关IgA肾病孕妇妊娠结局的相关报道还十分有限。本文通过回顾性分析近10年的IgA肾病孕妇的妊娠结局,并对其影响因素展开分析,旨在为改善IgA肾病孕妇的妊娠结局提供指导方向。

1资料与方法

1.1临床资料

选取2006年6月至2016年8月浙江中医药大学附属温州中医院收治的IgA肾病孕妇86例。纳入标准:符合世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)制定的原发性IgA肾病诊断标准[4]:①均经肾穿刺组织病理检查确诊;②妊娠20周以上;③临床资料齐全。排除标准:①继发的IgA肾病者;②主动放弃妊娠者;③IgA肾病接受肾移植者;④合并恶性肿瘤及严重心肝肺功能不全者;⑤临床资料不全者。86例患者年龄21~38岁,平均(29.5±5.2)岁;IgA肾病Lee分级(Lee’s classification,Lee):Ⅰ级22例、Ⅱ级20例、Ⅲ级16例、Ⅳ级18例、Ⅴ级10例;病程3~14个月,平均病程7.5±1.2个月。

1.2方法

分析统计符合上述标准的86例IgA肾病孕妇的临床资料,包括年龄、肾小球球性硬化、肾小球节段性硬化、终止妊娠方式、胎儿发育情况,胎儿预后、总胆固醇、24h尿蛋白量、血肌酐、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、平均动脉压。28周≤分娩孕周<37周为早产;胎儿出生体重<1 500g为极低体重儿,<2 500g为低体重儿。

1.3统计学方法

所有资料采用SPSS 20.0进行分析处理,计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,多因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1妊娠结局分析

86例患者共妊娠90次,妊娠20~40周,平均(36.2±5.6)周。58例为足月产,9例为早产,23例于妊娠28周前终止妊娠,分别占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%。67例胎儿中62例活胎,体重1 038.9~5 896.3g,平均体重为(3 012.5±253.9)g;低体重儿14例,极低体重儿6例,分别占22.58%和9.67%。根据妊娠结局,分为成功组(n=62)和失败组(n=28,包括23例终止妊娠和5例死亡)。

2.2妊娠结局影响因素分析

妊娠成功组年龄、平均动脉压、血肌酐、妊娠前24 h尿蛋白量显著低于失败组(均P<0.05),血红蛋白显著高于失败组(P<0.05),Lee氏分级显著低于失败组(P<0.05)。两组病程、血清白蛋白、总胆固醇无显著性差异(均P>0.05),且肾小球球性硬化、肾小球节段性硬化发生率均无显著性差异(均P>0.05),见表1。

2.3妊娠结局影响因素多因素分析

Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、妊娠前肾性高血压、Lee氏分级、血红蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA肾病孕妇妊娠结局的独立影响因素(均P<0.05),年龄越大,Lee氏分级越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血红蛋白,伴有妊娠前肾性高血压的IgA肾病孕妇更易出现不良妊娠结局及胎儿预后差,见表2。

Table 1 Influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with IgAN[±S,n(%)]

表2 IgA肾病孕妇妊娠结局影响因素Logistic回归分析

3讨论

3.1IgA肾病对妊娠的影响

在全世界范围内,IgA肾病都有较高的发病率。由于该病好发于中青年,而部分女性患者正处于育龄期。研究显示,IgA肾病与妊娠之间存在密切关系,一方面IgA肾病可能导致妊娠结局不良,另一方面由于妊娠后导致血液动力学改变使合并妊娠的IgA肾病变得更为复杂,从而影响IgA肾病的近期和远期预后[5-6]。因此,探讨IgA肾病孕妇的妊娠结局及其影响因素具有十分重要的临床意义。

3.2IgA肾病者妊娠结局及影响因素分析

本组数据显示,86例患者共妊娠90次,58例为足月产,9例为早产,23例于妊娠28周前终止妊娠,分别占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%,表明IgA肾病可能导致妊娠结局不良。目前,文献中鲜有IgA肾病对妊娠结局影响的相关报道。叶文玲等[7]报道称,IgA肾病孕妇胎儿死亡率为12.5%,显著高于国内健康人群胎儿死亡率的1.1%。本文中86例共90次妊娠中,23例于妊娠28周前终止妊娠,5例胎儿出生后死亡,均显著高于国内相当水平[8-9]。

有报道称,IgA肾病患者合并妊娠导致母体风险和胎儿预后不良与24h尿蛋白定量、孕前肾功能损害程度、高血压等多种因素有关。本文通过Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、妊娠前肾性高血压、Lee氏分级、血红蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA肾病孕妇妊娠结局的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。年龄越大,Lee氏分级越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血红蛋白,伴有妊娠前肾性高血压的IgA肾病孕妇更易出现不良妊娠结局及胎儿预后差。随着患者年龄的增大,患者机体能力下降,可能导致IgA肾病病情的加重,从而影响了妊娠的预后。这与文献报道的年轻IgA肾病患者依从性差导致妊娠的预后差的结果不一致,有待于进一步分析。

3.3IgA肾病者妊娠前肾病的临床表现与妊娠结局关系

IgA肾病患者妊娠前肾病的临床表现与妊娠结局密切相关,Lee氏分级可反映IgA肾病病情的严重程度,多个研究证实IgA肾病是导致妊娠结局不良的危险因素,随着其病情的加重,患者胎儿死亡例数增加[10]。血红蛋白水平可用于IgA肾病患者病情和治疗效果的判断,当其水平降低则表明肾脏病理损害程度加重。24h尿蛋白量被证实是影响IgA肾病病情发展的因素,北京大学第一医院张宏教授研究证实妊娠期间的24h尿蛋白量是IgA肾病患者不良妊娠结局的一个风险预测因子。妊娠前肾性高血压也被认为是一个妊娠结局不良的危险因素。Abe等于1991年对168例次IgA肾病患者妊娠进行分析表明,妊娠前血压>140/90mmHgIgA肾病患者较正常血压的IgA肾病患者胎儿围产期死亡率亦明显增高。因此,控制蛋白尿和血压水平,提高血红蛋白水平对于改善妊娠的IgA肾病妇女妊娠结局具有重要意义。

综上所述,IgA肾病可能导致妊娠结局不良,其中妊娠前肾病的临床表现与妊娠结局存在紧密关系,如Lee氏分级越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血红蛋白,伴有妊娠前肾性高血压是妊娠结局不良的危险因素,应积极控制妊娠前上述症状,从而改善妊娠结局。

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[2]Shimizu A,Takei T,Moriyama T,etal.Effect of pregnancy and delivery on the renal function and the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 caused by Immunoglobulin A nephropathy[J].Intern Med,2015,54(24): 3127-3132.

[3]高娜,王祥,黄燕萍.IgA肾病发生及进展恶化相关机制的研究进展[J].中国妇幼健康研究,2015,26(5): 1092-1094.

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[5]Liu Y,Ma X,Lv J,etal.Risk factors for pregnancy outcomes in patients with IgA nephropathy: a matched cohort study[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2014,64(5): 730-736.

[6]Liu Y,Ma X,Zheng J,etal.A Systematic review and meta-analysis of kidney and pregnancy outcomes in IgA nephropathy[J].Am J Nephrol,2016,44(3): 187-193.

[7]叶文玲,史亚男,文煜斌,等.IgA 肾病患者妊娠: 20 年回顾性分析[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2016,32(9): 641-646.

[8]麦林发,黄星,汤伟光.IgA 肾病肾病综合征临床病理特点及其肾脏病理损害的危险因素分析[J].广西医学,2016,38(12): 1765-1767.

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[专业责任编辑:马良坤]

Clinical study on pregnant women with IgA nephropathy in a hospital in recent 10 years

CHEN Yu, HUANG Wei-xia

(Department of Nephrology, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Wenzhou 325000, China)

Objective To analyze the pregnancy outcomes and risk factors of pregnant women with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in recent 10 years. Methods Eighty-six patients with IgAN admitted in the hospital from June to August in 2016 were selected. Their clinical data was analyzed and influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. Results Number of pregnancies of 86 patients was 90 and gestation time was 20 to 40 weeks with an average of 36.2±5.6 weeks. Among them, 58 cases were term delivery, 9 cases were preterm birth, and 23 cases terminated pregnancy before 28 gestational week, accounting for 64.44%, 10.00% and 25.56%, respectively. In 67 fetuses, 62 were live births, weighing 1 038.9-5 896.3g, and average body weight was 3 012.5±253.9 g. There were 14 cases of low birth weight and 6 cases of very low birth weight, accounting for 22.58% and 9.67%, respectively. Age, mean arterial pressure, serum creatinine and 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy of women with successful pregnancy were significantly lower than those of women with failed pregnancy (tvalue was 2.332, 2.257, 2.259 and 2.225, respectively, allP<0.05), but hemoglobin was significantly higher (t=2.302,P<0.05). Lee’s classification in successful group was significantly lower than in failed group (χ2=5.661,P<0.05). There was no significant difference in duration of disease, serum albumin and total cholesterol between two groups (tvalue was 1.025, 0.562 and 0.785, respectively, allP>0.05). Incidence of glomerular sclerosis and segmental glomerular sclerosis in two groups was not significantly different (χ2value was 1.535 and 0.981, respectively, bothP>0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that age, renal hypertension before pregnancy, Lee’s classification, hemoglobin and 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy were independent factors affecting pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with IgAN (ORvalue was 3.038, 3.927, 3.358 and 2.038, respectively, allP<0.05). Pregnant women with IgAN of elder age, higher Lee’s classification, higher 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy, lower hemoglobin, and suffering from renal hypertension before pregnancy were prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes and poor fetus prognosis. Conclusion IgAN may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes, and clinical manifestations of pre-pregnancy kidney disease are closely related to pregnancy outcomes. Such symptoms before pregnancy should be actively controlled to improve pregnancy outcomes.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN); pregnant women; pregnancy outcomes; risk factors

2017-05-17

陈 宇(1979-),男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事肾脏病研究。

黄蔚霞,主任医师。

10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2017.06.042

R714.25

A

1673-5293(2017)06-0741-03

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