光固化酸蚀剂对脱敏剂封闭牙本质小管作用的影响研究
2017-07-06田鸿旭焉妍王毅
田鸿旭+焉妍+王毅
[摘要] 目的 全酸蚀与自酸蚀粘接系统处理下脱敏剂对牙本质小管封闭效果的研究。 方法 搜集新鲜拔除的无龋坏牙齿制作成牙本质模型,共分四组:A组:氢氧化钙Lonosit Baseline组;B组:Gluma脱敏剂组;C组:奥威尔脱敏剂组; D组:空白对照组。先按分组不同,使用相应的脱敏剂处理牙本质模型表面,每組再分别用Single Bond 2和SE Bond处理牙本质表面。扫描电镜下观察全酸蚀与自酸蚀粘接系统处理下脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果。结果 扫描电镜下见,使用自酸蚀粘接剂或全酸蚀粘接剂处理下,同种脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果基本相同。氢氧化钙组样本的牙本质表面粗糙,仅部分小管内有沉积物封闭,管口大部分外露。Gluma 组样本牙本质表面平坦,少数牙本质小管管口外露,沉积物几乎全部堵塞牙本质小管,结合较紧密。奥威尔组—牙本质小管大部分都有沉积物,其小管管径明显缩小。对照组样本牙本质表面可见牙本质小管开口完全敞开,管口无阻塞或覆盖物。纵截面小管内无沉积物,可见网状交织的管间牙本质胶原纤维清晰,小管管径增大明显。 结论 使用自酸蚀粘接剂或全酸蚀粘接剂处理下,同种脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果基本相同,都能较好地封闭牙本质小管。其中,奥威尔脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果最好。
[关键词] 深龋;牙本质过敏症;脱敏剂;酸蚀粘接系统;牙本质小管通透性
[中图分类号] R781.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)15-0066-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of desensitizer on dentinal tubule closure under total etching and self-etching bonding system. Methods Freshly removed teeth without caries were collected to make dentin model and divided into four groups including group A(Calcium hydroxide Lonosit Baseline group), group B(Gluma desensitization group), group C(Oravive desensitization group) and group D(control group). The surface of dentin model was treated with the corresponding desensitizer according to the different grouping. And the dentin surface was treated with Single Bond 2 and SE Bond, respectively. The effect of desensitizer on dentinal tubules under total etching and self-etching bonding system was observed under scanning electron microscopy(TEM). Results Under the scanning electron microscope, the effect of the same desensitizer on the dentinal tubules was similar under total etching and self-etching bonding system. The dentin surface of samples in Calcium hydroxide group was rough, with sediment in only part of the tubules and exposure of most of the mouth. The dentin surface in Gluma group was flat, with a small number of dentin tubules mouth exposed and almost all of dentin tubules blocked with the deposits, and the bonding was close. Most of the dentinal tubules in Oravive group had sediment,and the small tube diameter significantly reduced. In the control group, the dentin tubules were open and the mouth was free of obstruction or covering on the surface. There was no sediment in the longitudinal section of the tube, and the interstitial collagen fibers were clear and the diameter of the tubules increased obviously. Conclusion The effect of the same desensitizer on the dentin tubules is similar under total etching and self-etching bonding system, and the dentinal tubules can be well sealed. Among them, the effect of Oravive desensitizer on dentinal tubules is the best.
[Key words] Deep caries; Dentin hypersensitivity; Desensitizer; Etching bonding system; Dentin tubule permeability
深龋病损可达牙本质深层,行常规方法治疗容易出现术后牙本质过敏等症状,甚至进展成牙髓炎症状导致治疗失败。在充填深龋窝洞前先使用脱敏剂处理窝洞壁,既防止外界刺激直接传入牙本质小管内,同时阻隔了复合树脂充填时酸蚀粘接剂对牙髓的刺激,能够预防牙本质过敏症的发生[1],提高深龋治愈率。本实验采用三种不同脱敏剂通过扫描电镜下观察全酸蚀与自酸蚀粘接系统处理下脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果,为临床窝洞预备后预先应用脱敏剂,预防深龋充填治疗后发生牙本质过敏症提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 离体牙的收集
在实验前1个月,2016年8~9月收集完整无龋坏、仅因正畸需要拔除的年轻上颌前磨牙128颗。彻底清洁后,在1%麝香草酚溶液中浸泡保存24 h[2]。取出干燥后流水下低速磨除其颌面釉质,完全暴露牙本质。耐水砂纸在流水下打磨牙本质表面1 min后超声清洗10 min,备用。
1.2 实验方法
将上述处理的样本随机分为4组,每组32颗。A组:Lonosit Baseline(氢氧化钙)脱敏剂组;B组:Gluma脱敏剂组;C组:Oravive脱敏剂组;D组:對照组。按分组使用相应的脱敏剂处理牙本质样本表面,再每组分别用Single Bond 2和SE Bond处理牙本质表面,扫描电镜下观察全酸蚀与自酸蚀粘接系统处理下脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果。
1.3 离体牙牙本质表面处理过程
按说明书对相应组样本粘接牙本质进行处理。37℃人工唾液中保存一周。
1.4 实验主要仪器和材料
低速切割机(SYJ150, MTI KJ Group,China),扫描电镜(S-4800,Hitachi,Japan),全酸蚀粘接剂Single Bond 2(3M,USA),自酸蚀粘接剂SE Bond(CLEARFIL,Japan),奥威尔牙齿脱敏剂(Sun Medical Co.Ltd.,Japan),Gluma(Heraues Kulzer,Germany),氢氧化钙Lonosit-Baseliner(DMG,Germany)
2 结果
2.1 使用全酸蚀粘接剂Single Bond 2电镜观察
酸蚀15 s后,氢氧化钙处理组可观察到牙本质小管被部分封闭,但表面仍不平坦,管口外露较多(封三图5A)。Gluma组可观察到牙本质表面较平坦,沉积物几乎堵塞牙本质小管,小管口有少部分外露(封三图5B)。奥威尔脱敏剂处理组可观察到牙本质小管基本全部被封闭,小管管径缩小(封三图5C)。对照组可观察到牙本质小管开口完全敞开,其内空洞无物,小管管径明显增大(封三图5D)。纵面见小管内无沉淀物,小管管径增大(封三图5D)。
2.2 使用自酸蚀粘接剂后的电镜观察
氢氧化钙处理组可观察到牙本质小管表面凹凸不平,大部分管口外露(封三图6A)。Gluma组可观察到牙本质表面较平坦,沉积物几乎堵塞牙本质小管,但仍有部分小管口外露(封三图6B)。奥威尔脱敏剂处理组可观察到牙本质小管大部分被封闭,小管管径缩小(封三图6C)。对照组可见牙本质小管开口完全敞开,其内空洞无物,清晰可见管间牙本质胶原纤维交织成网状(封三图6D)。
3讨论
深龋常规充填治疗后很容易出现牙本质敏感症[3](dentin hypersensitiveness,DH),即牙体在受到外界理化刺激下所引起的一种酸痛症状,锐利且持时短暂[4]。为减少这一并发症,采用树脂修复前预先脱敏治疗,以封闭牙本质小管,降低或避免激惹牙髓神经[5,6],临床上取得满意的效果。本实验所用敏感牙本质模型采用标准制作方法[7,8]。利用扫描电镜观察全酸蚀与自酸蚀粘接系统处理下脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果,为深龋窝洞预备后预先应用脱敏剂预防术后发生牙本质过敏症提供理论依据。
国内外研究均表明,牙本质越通透牙本质越敏感[9,10]。进行活髓基牙预备后立即涂布脱敏剂[11]的做法能够封闭牙本质小管开口,减少外界刺激传入,并保护牙髓免受细菌侵扰[12],已在牙体修复领域被证实确实有效。
有学者提出[13]的流体动力学说最为大多数学者认同,并不断有其他学者[14]将之补充完善。根据这一理论,牙本质过敏症的治疗以隔绝外界刺激,降低小管内神经传导或避免激惹牙髓神经为主,而且牙本质小管封闭效果的持久性很重要。
本实验中,无论经全酸蚀还是自酸蚀粘接剂处理,空白对照组结果均表现为牙本质小管口开放,暴露,管内空虚。当牙釉质被磨除后,上百万的牙本质小管暴露[15],与本实验所显示情况相符。这意味着常规的去腐备洞增加了牙髓损伤的潜在风险。对于树脂充填修复使用的牙本质粘接剂,Cehreli等[16]研究认为有较好的组织相容性,但更多学者认为牙本质粘接材料本身对牙髓组织存在较强的刺激[17]。因而临床上深龋在直接充填术后很容易出现敏感。奥威尔组牙本质模型表现为小管封闭较均匀,平坦,管径缩小。说明封闭作用完善,与空白对照组空虚的牙本质小管对比鲜明。奥威尔脱敏剂是一种生物玻璃活性材料,首先用于口腔种植领域。作为脱敏剂,具有诱导牙本质小管自身及周围组织钙化的作用。其主要成分-磷硅酸钙钠、聚乙二醇能迅速、持续地与水及唾液发生反应,生成的结晶状物—羟基磷酸盐灰石层稳定致密,沉积并阻塞牙本质小管[18,19]。Gillam等[20]曾发现,即使经过酸蚀处理沉积物依然稳定存在,完全阻塞牙本质。在本实验中可见牙本质小管呈现致密平坦的表面。说明封闭牙本质小管的作用严密稳定。Gluma组有沉积物进入牙本质小管内,形成阻塞,但有个别外露,说明酸蚀处理后Gluma组仍有脱敏作用。Gluma脱敏剂[21]的有效脱敏成分—戊二醛在HEMA的辅助下能进入牙本质小管内部,起变性凝固小管蛋白质并沉积封闭小管末梢阻碍神经传导的作用。本实验镜下见牙本质小管有个别外露,相比奥威尔的封闭效果稍差。氢氧化钙除了有明确的抗菌功效,还能够诱导牙本质小管内牙本质桥的形成[22],诱导牙本质修复对牙髓有保护作用[23]。氢氧化钙组小管外露较多,管内封闭物不均匀。氢氧化钙在深龋充填治疗中常用作盖髓剂置于完全去净腐质后的近髓牙本质上,通过再矿化作用[24]阻碍外界刺激传入。但其护髓作用是一个缓慢的过程,治疗后早期仍不可避免地会出现牙本质过敏症,甚至经常并发牙髓和根尖周病变[25]。
本實验中,无论使用全酸蚀粘接剂或自酸蚀粘接剂,扫描电镜下观察同种脱敏剂组牙本质小管的封闭作用相似。因此,深龋充填治疗中预先使用脱敏剂能够起到预防术后牙本质过敏症发生的作用。
使用全酸蚀或自酸蚀粘接系统下,同种脱敏剂对牙本质小管有相似的封闭作用。三种脱敏剂中,奥威尔脱敏剂对牙本质小管的封闭效果最好。
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