一日看尽“卢浮”八百年

文王雨檬 Wang Yumeng 译曹宇光Cao Yuguang

一日看尽“卢浮”八百年

Appreciate Eight Centuries of Louvre Museum within a Day

文王雨檬 Wang Yumeng 译曹宇光Cao Yuguang

中国国家博物馆和法国卢浮宫博物馆共同举办“卢浮宫的创想——卢浮宫与馆藏珍品见证法国历史八百年”展览，让观众——

The exhibition titled“Invention of Louvre—Eight Centuries of French History Witnessed by Louvre and its Treasure Collection”is jointly sponsored by National Museum of China and the Louvre Museum of France, which enables Chinese audience to——

步入魔法森林的雷诺让-奥诺雷·弗拉格纳尔（卢浮宫博物馆绘画部藏）Renaud Enters Enchanted Forest by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (Collected by Painting Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

1月13日，法国卢浮宫博物馆在中国国家博物馆的展览开幕了，这是两个世界级重要博物馆的又一次合作，尽管在参展的126件展品中，并没有深入人心的“卢浮三宝”——蒙娜丽莎、胜利女神和断臂维纳斯，但却涵盖了卢浮宫从始建之初至今、来自八大藏品部的架上绘画、雕塑、瓷器、陶器、泥塑等丰富多样的藏品，可谓是卢浮宫八百年历史发展的一个缩影。不仅如此，观众还可以从展览中感受到弗朗索瓦一世、路易十四、拿破仑一世等王室的艺术收藏品位。在3月31日展览结束前，公众都可以到国家博物馆的“小卢浮”去转一转。

从瓦卢瓦王朝时期，弗朗索瓦一世喜爱的意大利文艺复兴艺术和北欧精致的写实主义流派油画到法国大革命时期，拿破仑一世从欧洲各国掠夺的绘画、古董、素描和工艺品，再到卢浮宫近年来面向东方和不同文明收藏的伊斯兰艺术品和当代艺术品，展览以卢浮宫的重要历史发展阶段为节点，共分为“序幕——重修卢浮宫”“宫殿与王室收藏”“卢浮宫与启蒙运动”“拿破仑博物馆”“从权力王宫到万国博物馆”“今日卢浮宫”六个部分，其中包括6件首次亮相中国的重磅展品，弗拉格纳尔的《步入魔法森林的雷诺》、古罗马皇帝装束的路易十四骑马青铜像、拿破仑纹章图案的羊毛地毯、公元1世纪大理石狮子雕塑、埃及赫努塔奈布的陪葬木侍俑和安东尼·凡戴克的油画《筹备圣-塞巴斯蒂安的殉难》。

在参展藏品的选择上，卢浮宫馆长让－吕克·马丁内兹表示，他们秉承着两个标准，第一个是要展现卢浮宫的发展和历史，希望找到历史印记比较明显的作品。比如路易十四时期的藏品比较多，因为路易十四是很重要的一个国王，丰富了卢浮宫的馆藏；在18世纪启蒙艺术运动时，卢浮宫已经有了博物馆的雏形，而在拿破仑第一帝国时，卢浮宫真正成为一座博物馆。第二个标准就是要展现卢浮宫馆藏的丰富性，直到今天卢浮宫的藏品仍在不断丰富。比如，2004年卢浮宫新收藏的《马头》以及展厅中循环播放的视频中，向观众介绍了今天的卢浮宫对当代艺术收藏的关注。卢浮宫藏品从形式、艺术流派、艺术时期都展现出多样性，以前很多人对卢浮宫存在一种偏见，认为几件举世闻名的珍品就代表了卢浮宫的重要性，其实不然，卢浮宫不仅有文艺复兴画派、也有北方画派，弗兰德斯画派等。

值得注意的是，展览每个板块中都可以看到卢浮宫各个时期的建筑模型，法方策展人之一的凡尚·波马莱德说：“卢浮宫一直在扩建，在建筑方面不断发生变化，卢浮宫本身就是一件艺术珍品，这件艺术品直到今天仍在不停吸纳、变化，就像一部活着的艺术史。与此同时，卢浮宫的收藏品位也在改变，以前的卢浮宫的艺术收藏更偏向于古典，这代表了部分王室的品位，也有符合当时政治需要的原因。今天的卢浮宫面向古希腊、古罗马、古埃及、古东方等不同的文明，并建造了专门展示伊斯兰文明的建筑，我们希望中国观众注意到卢浮宫在建筑上的变化。”

至于中国观众一直心心念念的“卢浮三宝”，法方策展人之一帕斯卡·托雷斯遗憾地表示，这三件作品今后走出卢浮宫的可能性不大，尽管它们在世界范围内都有相当高的受欢迎程度。“《萨莫特拉斯的胜利女神》是法国考古学家的发现，从未成为希腊的国家遗产。《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》是意大利画家达·芬奇的作品，但它不属于意大利。当时法国国王弗朗索瓦一世邀请达·芬奇到法国，并成为其最大的资助者，达·芬奇将这幅作品带到了法国。达·芬奇去世后，弗朗索瓦一世从达·芬奇的学徒手里将其买了下来，一直保留到今天。同样的，《断臂维纳斯》是古希腊的雕塑作品，却是卢浮宫在法国大革命之后进入改革和扩建时期时，由路易十八出资买下来的。法国大革命之后，卢浮宫从国外购买了很多艺术品，因此它们在卢浮宫展出是最为合适的，也具有其合法性。频繁地将一个博物馆最重要的艺术品搬来搬去，我认为并不妥当。”

卢浮宫作为世界上历史悠久的大型博物馆之一，声名远播，吸引的游客有七成是外国游客，近十年来，到访的中国观众越来越多，中国游客已经成为访问卢浮宫的第二大观众群体。让－吕克·马丁内兹认为，卢浮宫来到中国，与中国国家博物馆合作举办“卢浮宫的创想”一展，让中国观众零距离接触卢浮宫，更好地了解卢浮宫，这是此展最主要的使命。

古罗马皇帝装束的路易十四骑马像弗朗索瓦·吉拉尔东（卢浮宫博物馆工艺品部藏）Bronze Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV in Roman Emperor's Attire by Francois Girardon (Collected by Craft Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

让·德·拉封丹（1621-1695）雕像皮埃尔·朱利安（卢浮宫博物馆雕塑部藏）Statue of Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695) by Pierre Julien(Collected by Sculpture Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

玉石浮雕奥古斯都皇帝像（卢浮宫博物馆希腊、伊特鲁里亚及罗马文物部藏）Relief of Emperor Augustus in Jade (Collected by Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antique Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

On January 13, an exhibition sponsored by Louvre Museum of France was open to the public at National Museum of China, which symbolized another cooperation between the two museums of global importance. Despite the absence of “Three Treasures of Louvre”in everyone’s dream, namely Mona Lisa, the Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo, the 126 exhibits provide an extensive coverage of various collections from eight departments such as on-shelf painting, sculpture, porcelain, pottery and clay sculpture and constitute a miniature of Louvre during its development in the history of eight centuries. Besides, Chinese audience will learn to know the artistic appreciation in royal collections of François I, Louis XIV and Napoleon I. Before the deadline of March 31, it will be a perfect idea to have a day’s tour in this exhibition.

Those exhibits in this event involve Italian Renaissance arts and exquisite Nordic Realism paintings favored by King François I in the Valois Dynasty, paintings, antiques, sketches and craft snatched from European countries by Napoleon I during the French Revolution, and Louvre’s recent collection of Islamic arts and contemporary artworks from Orient and other civilizations. In the light of those significant development period in Louvre’s history, this exhibition falls into 6 parts, namely “Prelude—Renovating Louvre”, “Imperial and Royal Collection”, “Louvre and Enlightenment”, “Napoleon Museum”, “From Sovereign Palace to Universal Museum” and “Louvre Today”. In particular, 6 key exhibits are presented in China for the very first time, i.e. painting Renaud Enters Enchanted Forest by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Bronze Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV in Roman Emperor’s Attire, wool carpet with seal pattern of Napoleon, marble lion statue in the 1st century A.D., Ouchebti (Funeral Servant in Wood) of Henouttaneb in Egypt and the oil painting Preparation for St. Sebastian’s Martyrdom by Anthony van Dyck.

As to choice of exhibits in collection, Jean-Luc Marinez, president of Louvre Museum, held two standards in principle. First of all, they expect to find those exhibits of distinct historical impressions to reflect the history and development of Louvre Museum. For example, there are a lot of collections in the reign of King Louis XIV because he was a crucial figure in history who enriched collection of the later Louvre Museum. During the Enlightenment in the 18th century, Louvre was still in embryo while in the reign of Napoleon of the First French Empire, Louvre evolved into a genuine museum. Secondly, the abundance and variety of Louvre’s collection must be highlighted as its update of collection is still in progress so far. For example, the latest collection Horse Head made by Louvre in 2004 as well as the loop play of video clips in the exhibition hall remind the Chinese audience that Louvre Museum still focuses on the contemporary art collection. A tendency of diversity can be witnessed in various aspects of formality, art schools and art periods. There used to be a bias on Louvre Museum that only a few rare treasures in world art history contribute to its importance. As a matter of fact, in Louvre Museum, there are Renaissance School, Nordic School and Flanders School as well.

圆形高足盖杯（卢浮宫博物馆工艺品部藏）Round-ridge Goblet (Collected by Craft Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

It is well-noted that miniature in architecture of Louvre Museum of every period in history is invariably available in each part of this exhibition. “In Louvre Museum constant expansion and change always take place in architecture. As a piece of art treasure itself, Louvre Museum still keeps absorbing nutrition and changing for better, just like a living art history. In the meanwhile, the collection taste of Louvre Museum is changing as well. In the past, its collection showed a preference in classicalism, which symbolized part of the royal appreciation in arts and involved then necessity in political concern. Currently, Louvre Museum involves different civilizations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Orient, and builds up a special part to showcase Islamic civilization. We would like to remind Chinese audience of Louvre’s significant change in architecture.” Vincent Pomarède, one of the French curators, said.

When talking about the “Three Treasures of Louvre”, Pascal Torrès, another French curator, uttered his frank regret that it is hardly possible for them to move out of Louvre Museum though they are overwhelmingly popular all over the world. The Winged Victory of Samothrace, as outcome of French archaeologist’s discovery, has never become a national heritage of Greece. Mona Lisa, despite a works by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci, never belongs to Italy. The then King François I invited the painter to France and became his main patron. Da Vinci brought this works to France and after he passed away, François I bought this painting from his apprentice, and this painting remains in France till this day. Similarly, Venus de Milo is a sculpture in Ancient Greece, but King Louis XVIII purchased it for Louvre Museum when it underwent reform and expansion in the wake of French Revolution. Afterwards, plenty of artworks have been purchased from abroad by Louvre Museum and therefore it is legitimate and appropriate to keep them in display at Louvre Museum. Personally, I don’t think it proper to remove the most significant artworks in a museum frequently”.

As one of the most time-honored large-scale museum in the world, Louvre has enjoyed a worldwide reputation and attracted foreign tourists as 70% of its total visitors. In the recent decade, the increasing Chinese visitors have become the second largest group that have visited Louvre Museum. In this joint collaboration with National Museum of China titled“Invention of Louvre”, as Jean-Luc Martinez held, it is the main mission for Louvre Museum to provide a close-range contact and better understanding for Chinese audiences.