短文改错的考查模式

胡瑞明

高考短文改错主要从词法、句法、行文逻辑等三个角度设问，考查同学们在语篇中发现、判断与纠正语言错误的能力，短文改错并不单纯检测同学们的语法知识，同时也检测同学们写作中的校验能力。

做短文改错时，应以语篇为整体，以句子为单位，从词法、句法和行文逻辑等方面识错、纠错。学会分析句子结构，尤其是较复杂的句子，多从语法角度考虑语言运用的准确性。不要随意改变词义（行文逻辑错误除外）。纠正错误首先要从同根词上考虑，如词性、词形变化等。具体要做到以下“四看”。

一看每行或每句有无“一致性”错误：主谓是否一致；指代是否一致；修饰语与被修饰语是否一致；前后时态是否一致；单复数是否一致；并列连词前后的语句形式是否一致等。

二看每行或每句中有无“搭配”错误：动宾是否搭配；动词与介词是否搭配；介词与名词是否搭配；固定搭配是否正确等。

三看每行或每句有无词法或句法错误：冠词的误用；非谓语动词的误用；引导词的误用；形容词与副词的误用；时态与语态使用不当；连词的误用；名词单复数的误用等。

四看每行或每句有无逻辑方面的错误。并列句中的连词、主从复合句中的从属连词用得是否得当等。

现结合真题，对短文改错常见考查模式例析如下。

词法考查

在高考短文改错题中，这类改错题主要考查同学们对单词、短语及固定搭配的理解、记忆和辨别能力。

1. 多词或少词

（1）冠词

At the first， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.

But in that case， we will learn little about world.

Now I am living in a city， but I miss my home in countryside.

解析 去掉the。at first意為“首先”，固定搭配。

在world前加the。表示独一无二的事物须在名词前加定冠词the。

在countryside前加the。in the countryside“在农村”，固定表达。

（2）介词

My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

Dad cleaned the house， and then went on shopping.

解析 在dreams后加of。dream of意为“梦想，向往”，固定搭配。

去掉on。go shopping意为“去购物”，固定搭配。

2. 错词

（1）介词误用

Now I am leaving home to college.

My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.

Unfortunately， on the development of industrialization， the environment has been polluted.

解析 to→for。leave ... for ...意为“动身去某处；离开……去某地”，固定搭配。

from→of。be made of“由……构成”，能看出原材料。教室的三面墙由玻璃建成，可以看出原材料；be made from“由……构成、制成成品”，成品看不出原材料。

on→with。表示“随着……的发展”，用with the development of。

（2） 冠词混用

That day I didnt learn much about animals， but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity.

So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help.

解析 a→an。impressive首字母发元音，故用an。

the→a。表示泛指的某个问题，不是特指。

（3）名词单复数的误用

If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.

The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

解析 knowledges→knowledge。名词knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式。

year→years。from 13 to 19是复数概念，year是可数名词，所以用year的复数形式。

airs→air。air作“空气”讲时为不可数名词，没有复数形式。

（4）形容词与副词的混用

At one time， I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.

Mom said， “How nice to see you again！ Dad and I were terrible worried.”

Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.

解析 freely→free。be后跟形容词构成系表结构，be free from ...意为“摆脱……，不受……的影响”。

terrible→terribly。修饰形容词worried要用副词。

seriously→serious。修饰名词problem要用形容词。

句法考查

考查同学们对句子结构、复合句的理解、掌握及运用。这类错误主要表现为：非谓语动词使用错误，主谓不一致，连词的误用等。

1. 非谓语动词错误

I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.

The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.

“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”

We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

解析 wear→weartrg。介词后接名词或动名词。

knowing→know。pretend后面接不定式作宾语。

felt→feel。make sb do sth.意为“使某人做某事”，此处应用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

在just后加to。这里应用不定式作目的状语。

本句中staying at home与take a trip构成并列关系，都作介词between的宾语。故将take改为taking。

2. 主谓不一致

My dream school look like a big garden.

The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.

Finally， there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.

解析 look→looks。主语my dream school为单数，故谓语动词look应用单数形式looks。

have→has。动词-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

were→was。在there be句型中，be动词的形式与其后的主语保持一致。本句的主语是a sudden pull，故谓语动词用单数形式。

3. 连词误用

考查从句中连词的误用的题目主要从以下几方面来着手解答：句子结构是否完整，成分是否冗缺，复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。主要考点有定语从句中的关系词、状语从句中的关联词以及名词性从句中的连词。

My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.

After looking at the toy for some time， he turned around and found where his parents were missing.

解析 that→where。句中介詞to后面的宾语从句中缺少表示地点的状语。

去掉what或what→that。The dishes后为定语从句，The dishes是先行词，从句中缺cooked的宾语。

where→that或去掉where。found后面的宾语从句不缺少成分，故用连词that引导宾语从句。

行文逻辑考查

同学们经常遇到这种情况：单独看某个句子，很难找到错误，但联系上下文，把前后句结合起来读，才会发现问题，如时态不一致，代词所指不一致，句子间转折、因果、并列关系错误等。

1. 时态不一致

However， my parents didnt seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.

While they chat， my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.

Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mothers Day. We get up early in the morning.

解析 tell→told。短文通篇回忆过去的事情，与didnt seem保持一致，使用一般过去时。

chat→chatted。根据主句中的my father would lift my sister可知while引导的时间状语从句应该用一般过去时。

get→got。在母亲节的早上我们起床很早，此处用一般过去时与整个短文时态保持一致。

2. 代词所指不一致

At first， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.

If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden you view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.

Every time he arrived home at the end of the day， wed greet her at the door.

解析 yourself→myself。这里指作者自己作决定，根据主语I可知，应用myself。

your→our。用our与本句的主语we保持一致。

her→him。用him指代my father，作greet的宾语。

3. 句间逻辑

此类错误设置主要是考查连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑。错误类型主要有转折、因果、并列关系等的混淆，常考查并列句中连词and， but， so， or， for等以及副词however， besides， therefore等的正确使用。

Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.

If we stay at home， it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.

My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made of glass—farther in the distance， I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.

解析 or→and。fresh vegetables和high quality oil是并列關系，蔬菜和油都必须得到确认，二者不可相互替代。

but→and。上下文之间是并列关系，而不是转折关系，所以使用and连接上下文。

去掉could后的not。根据语境可知，从远处可以看到雪山，所以将not去掉。

总之，在改错时，要牢记短文改错解题四原则：改动以最少为原则；虚词以添加或删除为原则；实词以改变词形为原则；以保持句子原意为原则。