不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果*

孙 晓,景建元,吕慎强,尚浩博,李 娜,田肖肖,李 嘉,王 吕,王林权,2**

(1.西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 杨凌 712100;2.农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室 杨凌 712100)

不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果*

孙 晓1,景建元1,吕慎强1,尚浩博1,李 娜1,田肖肖1,李 嘉1,王 吕1,王林权1,2**

(1.西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 杨凌 712100;2.农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室 杨凌 712100)

本文通过田间试验研究了覆膜条件下,黄土台塬区6种缓/控释尿素减量施用对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮素累积量等的影响,以确定适合本地区春玉米施用的缓/控释氮肥品种和用量,为本地区春玉米简约、高效施肥技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。以春玉米品种‘先玉335’为供试作物,设9个处理,分别为不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量225 kg(N)∙hm-2,N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)∙hm-2,N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)∙hm-2]。6种缓/控释尿素分别为树脂尿素、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素和稳定尿素。在玉米各生育时期采集地上部植株样品及耕层(0～20 cm)土样,分析耕层土壤无机氮含量,测定玉米植株氮素累积量及产量。施用氮肥可显著增加玉米产量,增产率在28%～65%。与N225相比,N180玉米产量显著降低19.1%,但各缓/控释尿素(减量20%)一次基施没有明显的减产效应,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。与农户常规施肥相比,N180降低经济效益2 051¥∙hm-2;各缓/控释尿素(除UF)可增加玉米氮素累积量、提高氮肥利用率2.26%～12.69%,经济效益提高347～1 747¥∙hm-2,氮肥利用率和经济效益以SCU、CLU最高。大喇叭口期—吐丝期,缓/控释尿素氮素释放量大可能是提高氮肥吸收和利用率的原因之一。控失尿素和硫包衣尿素等缓/控释尿素减量(20%)并一次性基施,能维持产量不降低,提高氮肥利用率和经济收益,节约劳动力成本,可作为黄土台塬区春玉米简约化减量化施肥的一种选项。

春玉米;产量;缓/控释尿素;氮素累积量;氮肥利用率;减氮施肥

施用氮肥是玉米增产的一项重要栽培措施[1]。由于片面追求高产,我国农田氮肥用量不断攀升,但氮肥利用率只有 32%左右,与发达国家的50%～60%相差甚远[2],氮肥浪费非常严重。而且,过量施氮引起土壤酸化、地下水污染、温室气体排放等一系列环境问题[3-5]。近些年,随着社会的发展,城镇化速度加快,进城务工人员增多,造成农村生产力不足。因此,为保障作物产量,减轻氮素污染,节省劳动力投入,实现农业生产简约化,开展氮肥减量增效研究十分必要。

黄土台塬区土地辽阔,是黄土高原地区重要粮食生产基地,春玉米(Zea maysL.)是该地区主要粮食作物之一。但春玉米施肥技术单一,基本以基肥+追肥模式为主,肥料过量施用,劳动力投入大。而缓/控释肥料自20世纪90年代以来在我国农业、肥料制造业等行业和相关领域备受关注[6]。缓/控释氮肥具有养分释放与作物吸收同步的优点,能促进作物生长、降低氮素损失、提高产量和氮肥利用率[7-8],是实现简化施肥的重要技术产品[9]。在玉米[10-11]、冬小麦 (Triticum aestivumL.)[12]、 马 铃 薯 (Solanum tuberosumL.)[13]、油菜(Brassica campestrisL.)[14]、辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)[15]等大田作物上有显著的增产效果。吕东波等[16]研究结果表明,不同缓控尿素能够显著提高土壤总有机氮含量。王寅等[17]研究表明,在相同施氮水平下,控释氮肥或控释氮肥与尿素掺混施均可增加植株氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用率。但由于缓/控释尿素因控释原理、制造工艺、土壤条件、地域差异及作物生长发育的不同,不同类型缓/控释尿素的肥效在不同地区差异很大。目前,缓/控释尿素在华北或东北平原旱地玉米上的研究较多,且集中在1种类型缓/控释尿素增产效应方面[18-19],对于多种缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米上减量施用还有待研究。因此,本文选取生产中应用较广、具代表性的6种缓/控释尿素,在地膜覆盖条件下,研究其在黄土台塬区一次性减量施肥对春玉米籽粒产量、氮肥利用率、氮素累积量和耕层土壤无机氮动态的影响,旨在为黄土台塬区春玉米氮肥简约、减量化施肥技术提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验于2016年在西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所长武农业生态试验站进行,该试验站位于黄土高原中南部陕西省长武县洪家镇王东村(107°40′E, 35°12′N),海拔1 200 m。属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,年均降水580 mm,年均气温9.1℃,无霜期172 d,属典型旱作农业区。该试验地基础肥力,全氮0.79 g∙kg-1,速效磷7.78 mg∙kg-1,速效钾142.9 mg∙kg-1,有机质13.58 g∙kg-1,pH 8.06。

1.2 试验设计

本试验选用‘先玉335’为春玉米试验材料。6种缓/控释氮肥处理分别为:树脂尿素(RCU)、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素(PU)和稳定尿素(SU)。

试验采用完全随机区组设计,包含9个处理:不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量 225 kg(N)∙hm-2,N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)∙hm-2,N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)∙hm-2]。农户常规施氮处理(N225),氮肥分别作基肥和追肥(大喇叭口期),基追比为3∶2。其余各处理氮肥均为基肥一次性沟施于土壤。各小区均施用80 kg(K2O)∙hm-2、40 kg(P2O5)∙hm-2,作基肥一次性施入。各小区耕作方式为平作覆膜(覆膜方式为半膜覆盖),膜间种植,每小区种植8行,每个处理重复3次。播种量65 000株∙hm-2,行距55 cm,株距25 cm。小区面积40 m2(8.7 m×4.6 m)。2016年4月23日播种,9月17日收获,生育期147 d。各氮肥含氮量及价格详见表1。

表1 供试不同种类缓/控释尿素和普通尿素的含氮量及价格Table 1 Nitrogen contents and prices of urea and different types of slow/controlled release urea used in the experiment

1.3 测定项目与方法

产量与产量构成因素:春玉米成熟期,每小区春玉米收获其中2行,测量果穗数量和总鲜重,从2行所收果穗中随机选取15穗,用以考查穗部性状,晒干脱粒,分析产量构成。产量由各小区所取的15穗籽粒产量折算得到(含水量以14%计)。植株各器官(茎鞘、叶片、雄穗、苞叶、籽粒、穗轴)全氮用H2SO4-H2O2消煮,AA3流动分析仪测定[20];耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮含量用1 mol∙L-1KCl浸提, AA3流动分析仪测定[20]。主要计算指标如下:

采用SAS 9.1对试验数据进行单因素方差分析和多重比较(LSD法),采用Origin 8.0绘制数据图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同施肥处理对春玉米产量与产量构成的影响

如表2所示,产量最高为SCU(12 315 kg∙hm-2),其次为CLU(12 108 kg∙hm-2)和N225(11 786 kg∙hm-2)。与不施氮相比,施氮可显著提高籽粒产量2 062～4 853 kg∙hm-2,增产28%～65%。与N225相比, N180产量显著降低19.1%;各缓/控释尿素处理产量无显著下降,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。各缓/控释尿素处理与N180相比,产量显著提高17.4%～29.3%。各缓/控释尿素处理之间,产量无显著差异。穗粒数表现趋势与产量基本一致。与不施氮相比,施氮可显著增加穗粒数111.6～178.4。与N225相比,N180穗粒数显著下降47.4;各缓/控释尿素处理无显著下降。与N180相比,各缓/控释尿素处理(除UF)穗粒数显著增加38.4～66.8;与UF相比, SCU和 CLU穗粒数显著增加 35.3和 36.3。CLU(314.3 g)千粒重最高,其次为SCU(312.8 g)。施氮处理对千粒重影响不大,除CLU与SCU千粒重显著增加,其他处理与不施肥处理相比,无显著差异。

2.2 不同施肥处理对氮素累积量及氮收获指数的影响

如表3所示,CLU[197.20 kg(N)∙hm-2]植株氮素累积量最高,其次为SCU[191.82 kg(N)∙hm-2]和N225 [191.18 kg(N)∙hm-2]。与不施氮相比,施氮处理的植株氮素累积量显著增加59.32～90.07 kg(N)∙hm-2。与N225相比,N180植株氮素累积量显著降低24.73 kg(N)∙hm-2;各缓/控释尿素处理植株氮素累积量无显著降低。与N180相比,各缓/控释尿素处理(除UF)植株氮素累积量增加了8.1～30.75 kg(N)∙hm-2,均达到显著水平。籽粒氮素累积量表现趋势与植株氮素累积量较一致。与不施氮相比,各施氮处理籽粒氮素积累量增加35.06～76.98 kg(N)∙hm-2。与N225相比,N180籽粒氮素累积量显著降低30.11 kg(N)∙hm-2;与N180相比,各缓/控释尿素(除UF、SU)籽粒氮素累积量显著增加22.50～35.56kg(N)∙hm-2。与不施氮相比,各施氮处理的氮收获指数无显著差异。与N225相比,N180氮收获指数显著降低;与N180相比,各缓/控释氮肥处理(除UF、SU)氮收获指数显著提高。

表2 不同施氮处理春玉米产量及产量构成Table 2 Yields and yield components of spring maize under different N fertilization treatments

表3 不同施氮处理春玉米氮素累积量及氮收获指数Table 3 N accumulation and N harvest index(NHI,%)of spring maize under different N fertilization treatments

2.3 不同施肥处理对氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响

如表4所示,CLU(50.04%)氮肥利用率最高,其次为SCU(47.05%)。与普通尿素相比,缓/控释尿素提高氮肥利用率。与N225相比,各缓/控释尿素处理(除UF)氮肥利用率提高2.26%～12.69%,其中CLU和SCU氮肥利用率分别显著提高12.69%和9.70%。与N180相比,各缓/控释尿素处理的氮肥利用率显著增加4.49%～17.08%。氮肥农学效率规律与氮肥利用率基本一致。与N255相比,N180农学效率显著降低7.77kg∙kg-1;各缓/控释尿素处理的氮肥农学效率增加1.47～7.74 kg∙kg-1,其中,SCU与CLU分别显著增加7.74 kg∙kg-1和6.59 kg∙kg-1。经济效益以SCU(16 467 ¥∙hm-2)最高,其次为CLU(16 233¥∙hm-2)。与N0相比,施氮处理经济效益增加2526～6 324¥∙hm-2。各施氮处理中, N180(12669¥∙hm-2)经济效益最低。与N225相比,N180经济效益降低2 051¥∙hm-2;各缓/控释尿素处理(除UF)经济效益提高347～1 747¥∙hm-2。

表4 不同施氮处理氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率及经济效益Table 4 Nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),agronomic nitrogen efficiency(ANE)and economic performance under different fertilization treatments

2.4 不同施肥处理对氮素阶段积累量及日均累积量的影响

随着春玉米生育进程,植株氮素累积量逐渐升高,阶段累积量与日均累积量呈现先上升后下降的趋势 (表5)。播种—拔节期,氮素阶段累积量为10.39～13.93 kg(N)∙hm-2,日均累积量为 0.26～0.35 kg(N)∙hm-2∙d-1,该阶段氮素累积量最高为SU;拔节—大喇叭口期,玉米进入旺盛的生长阶段,阶段氮素累积量最高,为59.18～84.12 kg(N)∙hm-2,日均累积量为2.37～3.37 kg(N)∙hm-2∙d-1。大喇叭口—吐丝期氮素累积量均有不同程度下降,该阶段氮素累积量为 5.10～45.56 kg(N)∙hm-2,日均氮素累积量为0.23～2.07 kg(N)∙hm-2∙d-1,该阶段氮素累积量最高为N225;吐丝—乳熟期氮素累积量为25.61～71.29 kg(N)∙hm-2,日 均 氮 素 累 积 量 为 0.91～2.55 kg(N)∙hm-2∙d-1;乳熟—成熟期阶段氮素累积量为3.04～36.14 kg(N)∙hm-2,日 均 氮 素 累 积 量 为0.09～1.10 kg(N)∙hm-2∙d-1。SCU和CLU阶段氮素累积量分别于吐丝—乳熟期、乳熟—成熟期显著高于N225。

2.5 不同施肥处理下对耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮的影响

图1表明,不同施肥处理在玉米不同生育时期土壤耕层(0～20 cm)无机氮含量差异显著,其中不施氮处理始终处于较低水平,施氮处理在春玉米各生育期变化较大。拔节期SU土壤无机氮含量显著升高,为19.54 mg∙kg-1;大喇叭口期RCU、CLU和SCU土壤无机氮含量显著升高,分别为20.17 mg∙kg-1、18.14 mg∙kg-1和20.28 mg∙kg-1;由于大喇叭口期追肥,吐丝期 N225土壤无机氮含量显著升高,为 17.09 mg∙kg-1;乳熟期各处理土壤无机氮含量均显著降低,为5.03～7.62 mg∙kg-1;成熟期各施肥处理土壤无机氮含量与乳熟期基本持平,为5.17～7.56 mg∙kg-1。

3 讨论与结论

玉米大喇叭口期到吐丝期是玉米吸收养分最多最快的时期,也是养分最大效率期[21-22]。因此,大喇叭口期追肥是玉米施肥中最重要的一次追肥。本研究结果证明,由于大喇叭口期追肥,农户常规施氮处理(N225),吐丝期土壤耕层(0～20 cm)无机氮含量显著升高,阶段氮素累积量也为最高。说明在玉米关键生育时期追肥有利于增加植株氮素累积量,提高氮肥利用率,进而有利于后期产量的形成;而普通尿素减量20%一次性基施(N180)处理,大喇叭口期的耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮含量低,乳熟—成熟期阶段氮素累积量非常低。说明普通氮肥一次性基施与玉米需肥规律不匹配,且在春玉米生长发育后期有脱氮现象,影响产量形成,减产19.1%。但玉米大喇叭口期追肥费时费力,需要大量劳动力,这与当前农村劳动力短缺相矛盾。能否通过延长氮肥肥效,减少追肥次数?缓/控释能否满足一次性基施?与普通尿素减量20%一次性基施(N180)不同,各种缓/控释尿素一次性减量施肥没有显著降低玉米产量,SCU和CLU两种缓/控释尿素还具有增产效应,说明缓/控释尿素的缓释效应明显。这可由春玉米生育期耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮动态变化所证实。RCU、SCU和CLU等氮素释放集中在大喇叭口期,其土壤耕层(0～20 cm)无机氮含量显著高于普通尿素处理,这与玉米的需肥规律基本一致,因此这些缓/控释尿素处理植株氮素累积量大、氮肥利用率也高。

表5 不同施氮处理氮素阶段积累量及日均累积量Table 5 Daily and period nitrogen accumulation under different treatments

图1 不同施氮处理耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮含量变化Fig.1 Inorganic nitrogen contents in(0-20 cm)topsoil under different treatments

在氮肥减量20%并一次性基施条件下,相比N180,SCU和CLU等缓/控释尿素均显著提高穗粒数和植株氮素累积量,从而使产量和氮肥利用率同步提高。这与前人在等氮条件下,缓/控释氮肥与普通氮肥相比,显著提高产量和氮肥利用率[23-24]的结果是一致的,但各缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区的缓、控释效果有差异。脲甲醛(UF)土壤耕层(0～20 cm)无机氮含量呈先略微上升后下降的趋势,可能由于脲甲醛肥料施入土壤后,经过微生物的降解才能被植物吸收利用[25],氮素释放较为缓慢,在氮素需求量大的时期(拔节期—大喇叭口期),氮素释放不足,不能满足植株氮素需求,直接影响作物生长发育,进而影响产量[26],因此脲甲醛(UF)植株氮素累积量和产量效应较差。

与农户常规施氮相比,普通尿素减量20%并一次性基施显著减产19.1%;各缓/控释尿素一次性基施没有明显的减产效应。各缓/控释尿素(除UF)虽价格偏高,但其减量并全部基施,能提高氮肥利用率,维持作物高产,降低肥料和劳动力成本,使其经济效益均高于农户常规施氮。脲甲醛(UF)经济效益相对农户常规施氮偏低,是由于脲甲醛缓释肥料养分释放速度与玉米植株需氮规律不吻合,产量相对较低且肥料价格过高等原因造成。

综合产量、氮肥利用率及耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机氮含量动态变化等因素综合考虑,可选用控失尿素(CLU)和硫包衣尿素(SCU)作为黄土台塬区春玉米氮肥减量增效施用技术的缓/控释氮肥,以减少氮肥施用、降低劳动力投入、减轻氮素残留,提高施肥的经济效益和社会效应。

References

[1]宁堂原,焦念元,李增嘉,等.施氮水平对不同种植制度下玉米氮利用及产量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006, 17(12):2332–2336 Ning T Y,Jiao N Y,Li Z J,et al.Effects of N application rate on N utilization,yield and quality of maize under different cropping systems[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006,17(12):2332–2336

[2]淮贺举,张海林,蔡万涛,等.不同施氮水平对春玉米氮素利用及土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009,28(12):2651–2656 Huai H J,Zhang H L,Cai W T,et al.Effect of different nitrogen rates on nitrogen utilization and residual soil nitrate of spring maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009,28(12):2651–2656

[3]Yang Y,Zhou C J,Li N,et al.Effects of conservation tillage practices on ammonia emissions from Loess Plateau rain-fed winter wheat fields[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,104: 59–68

[4]孟红旗,刘景,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下我国典型农田耕层土壤的pH演变[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1109–1116 Meng H Q,Liu J,Xu M G,et al.Evolution of pH in topsoils of typical Chinese croplands under long-term fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(6):1109–1116

[5]杨林章,冯彦房,施卫明,等.我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):96–101 Yang L Z,Feng Y F,Shi W M,et al.Review of the advances and development trendsin agricultural non-pointsource pollution control in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):96–101

[6]樊小林,刘芳,廖照源,等.我国控释肥料研究的现状和展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):463–473 Fan X L,Liu F,Liao Z Y,et al.The status and outlook for the study ofcontrolled-release fertilizersin China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(2):463–473

[7]Azeem B,KuShaari K,Man Z B,et al.Review on materials& methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2014,181:11–21

[8]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783–795 Ju X T,Gu B J.Status-quo,problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].Journalof Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(4):783–795

[9]王宜伦,李潮海,王瑾,等.缓/控释肥在玉米生产中的应用与展望[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(24):254–257 Wang Y L,Li C H,Wang J,et al.Application and prospect of slow/controlled releasefertilizers in maizeproduction[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(24):254–257 [10]Chilundo M,Joel A,Wesström I,et al.Effects of reduced irrigation dose and slow release fertiliser on nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in a semi-arid loamy sand[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:68–77

[11]郭萍,黄科程,李孝东,等.普通、控释尿素配比对玉米物质积累及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1): 191–196 Guo P,Huang K C,Li X D,et al.Effects of combined application of control-released urea and urea on dry matter accumulation and yield of maize[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(1):191–196

[12]郑沛,宋付朋,马富亮.硫膜与树脂膜控释尿素对小麦不同生育时期土壤氮素的调控及其产量效应[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):122–127 Zheng P,Song F P,Ma F L.Influence of controlled release urea coated by sulfur and polymer on soil nitrogen in different growth stagesofwheat[J].JournalofSoiland Water Conservation,2014,28(4):122–127

[13]刘飞,张民,诸葛玉平,等.马铃薯玉米套作下控释肥对土壤养分垂直分布及养分利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(6):1351–1358 Liu F, Zhang M, Zhuge Y P, et al. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on vertical distribution of soil nutrients and nutrient use efficiencies under potato and maize relay cropping system[J].PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(6):1351–1358

[14]Geng J B,Sun Y B,Zhang M,et al.Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed raperotation system[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184:65–73

[15]王崇力,韩桂琪,徐卫红,等.专用缓释肥的土壤氨挥发特性及其对辣椒氮磷钾吸收利用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(2):143–150 Wang C L,Han G Q,Xu W H,et al.Characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of pepper under slow-release fertilizerapplication[J].Chinese JournalofEco-Agriculture,2014,22(2):143–150

[16]吕东波,吴景贵,李建明,等.不同缓控尿素对春玉米产量、品质及土壤有机氮的动态影响[J].水土保持学报,2016, 30(3):165–170 Lü D B,Wu J G,Li J M,et al.Effects of different slow controlled release urea on yield,quality of spring maize and soil organic nitrogen dynamic[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(3):165–170

[17]王寅,冯国忠,张天山,等.控释氮肥与尿素混施对连作春玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2016,49(3):518–528 Wang Y,Feng G Z,Zhang T S,et al.Effects of mixed application of controlled-release N fertilizer and common urea on grain yield,N uptake and soil N balance in continuous spring maize production[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016, 49(3):518–528

[18]卢艳丽,白由路,王磊,等.华北小麦—玉米轮作区缓控释肥应用效果分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(01): 209–215 Lu Y L,Bai Y L,Wang L,et al.Efficiency analysis of slow/controlled release fertilizer on wheat-maize in North China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2011, 17(01):209–215

[19]尹彩侠,刘宏伟,孔丽丽,等.控释氮肥对春玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(06):108–113 Yin C X,Liu H W,Kong L L,etal.Effectof controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation,nitrogen absorption and yield of spring maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(06):108–113

[20]张英利,许安民,尚浩博,等.AA3型连续流动分析仪测定土壤和植物全氮的方法研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2006,34(10):128–132 Zhang Y L,Xu A M,Shang H B,et al.Determination study of total nitrogen in soil and plant by continuous flow analytical system[J].JournalofNorthwestSci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry:Natural Science Edition,2006, 34(10):128–132

[21]王云奇,陶洪斌,黄收兵,等.施氮模式对夏玉米氮肥利用和产量效益的影响[J].核农学报,2013,27(2):219–224 Wang Y Q,Tao H B,Huang S B,et al.Effects of nitrogen patterns on nitrogen use and yield benefit of summer maize[J]. JournalofNuclearAgriculturalSciences,2013,27(2): 219–224

[22]姜涛.氮肥运筹对夏玉米产量、品质及植株养分含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):559–565 Jiang T.Effects of nitrogen application regime on yield, quality and plant nutrient contents of summer maize[J]. JournalofPlantNutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(3): 559–565

[23]王宜伦,苗玉红,韩燕来,等.缓/控释氮肥对夏玉米氮代谢、氮素积累及产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2012,43(1): 147–150 Wang Y L,MiaoY H,HanY L,etal.Effectof slow/controlled release N fertilizer on N metabolism,N accumulation and yield of summer maize[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(1):147–150

[24]于淑芳,杨力,张民,等.控释肥对小麦玉米生物学性状和土壤硝酸盐积累的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(1): 128–133 Yu S F,Yang L,Zhang M,et al.Effect of controlled release fertilizers on the biological properties of wheat and corn and soil nitrate accumulation[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(1):128–133

[25]黄丽娜,樊小林.脲甲醛肥料对小白菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2012, 40(11):42–46 Huang L N,Fan X L.Effects of urea-formaldehyde fertilizer on yield of Chinese cabbage and its nitrogen use efficiency[J]. JournalofNorthwestA&F University:NaturalScience Edition,2012,40(11):42–46

[26]高洪军,朱平,彭畅,等.等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):318–325 Gao H J,Zhu P,Peng C,et al.Effects of partially replacement of inorganic N with organic materials on nitrogen efficiency of spring maize and soil inorganic nitrogen content under the same N input[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015,21(2):318–325

Effect of different rates of slow/controlled release urea on nitrogen content in spring maize in loess highlands*

SUN Xiao1,JING Jianyuan1,LYU Shenqiang1,SHANG Haobo1,LI Na1,TIAN Xiaoxiao1, LI Jia1,WANG Lyu1,WANG Linquan1,2**
(1.College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China;2.Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling 712100,China)

A field experiment was conducted under plastic film mulching conditions in the highlands of the Loess Plateau area tostudy the effects of different rates of different types of slow and controlled release urea(via basal application at reduced rate)on grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen accumulation in spring maize.The aim of the study was to determine the optimum type and application rate of slow or controlled release urea via simplified and efficient fertilization techniques for spring maize production in the study area.Spring maize cultivar used in the study wasZea maysL.cv.‘Xianyu335’.The experiment consisted of nine treatments—no N use(N0),farmer conventional N fertilization[common urea with application rate of 225 kg(N)∙hm-2,N225],common urea N reduction(application rate of 180 kg(N)∙hm-2,N180],and N rate reduction with six kinds of slow or controlled release urea [application rate of 180 kg(N)∙hm-2],i.e.,resin coated urea(RCU),controlled loss urea(CLU),sulfur coated urea(SCU),urea formaldehyde(UF),polypeptide urea(PU)and stabilized urea(SU).Plant and soil(0–20 cm layer)samples were collected at different growth stages for analysis of grain yield,plant N accumulation and soil inorganic N concentration.The application of N fertilizer increased grain yield of maize by 28%–65%relative to N0.Compared with N225,N180 decreased grain yield by 19.1%. The application of RCU,UF,PU and SU did not significantly reduce grain yield,while the application of SCU and CLU increased grain yield by 4.5%and 2.7%,respectively.Compared with N225,N180 reduced net income by 2 051¥∙hm-2.A total of six slow or controlled release urea(except for UF)increased plant N accumulation,but increased N use efficiency by 2.26%–12.69%and net income by 347–1 747¥∙hm-2.The highest N use efficiency and economic benefits were observed under SCU and CLU treatments.Greater N uptake and N use efficiency in slow or controlled release urea treatments partly resulted from greater N release during huge bellbottom stage to silking stage.Slow or controlled release urea(including CLU and SCU) via basal application at reduced amount(by 20%)maintained grain yield,improved N use efficiency and economic benefits, and saved labor cost.Therefore,it was recommended for used as an option for simplified and efficient fertilization in spring maize production in similar areas in the Loess Plateau.

Spring maize;Grain yield;Slow/controlled release urea;Nitrogen accumulation;Nitrogen use efficiency;Reduced N application

Dec.11,2016;accepted Feb.17,2017

S143.1

A

1671-3990(2017)06-0848-08

10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.161122

孙晓,景建元,吕慎强,尚浩博,李娜,田肖肖,李嘉,王吕,王林权.不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(6):848-855

Sun X,Jing J Y,Lü S Q,Shang H B,Li N,Tian X X,Li J,Wang L,Wang L Q.Effect of different rates of slow/controlled release urea on nitrogen content in spring maize in loess highlands[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(6): 848-855

* 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124)资助

**通讯作者:王林权,主要研究方向为植物营养与环境生态。E-mail:linquanw@nwsuaf.edu.com

孙晓,主要研究方向为黄土台塬区春玉米节肥。E-mail:sunxiao9201@163.com

2016-12-11 接受日期:2017-02-17

* This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201503124).

**Corresponding author,E-mail:linquanw@nwsuaf.edu.com