Ethics Aware Object Oriented Smart City Architecture

Sahil Sholla, Roohie Naaz, Mohammad Ahsan Chishti

Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Hazratbal 190006, India

* The corresponding author, email: sahilsholla@gmail.com

I. INTRODUCTION

Researchers have always been at the forefront of endeavours undertaken to improve the quality of life. Globally there is an increasing trend toward urbanization and it is estimated that 70% of the world population would be living in urban areas by 2050 [1]. In contemporary times, modern citizen services are expected to be provided by smart cities driven by the Internet of Things (IoT) - a paradigm shift of current internet to ubiquitous network of interconnected objects [2]. Smart cities have been hailed as the panacea for addressing challenges of global urbanization and many countries have jumped on the bandwagon to capitalise its benefits. As a result academia, businesses and governments increasingly collaborate to address this challenge [3].

In this work, the authors propose Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture (EOSCA) to address the questions of privacy,security and ethics of a smart city.

The term smart city is traced back to the 1990s when it was first used to reflect the growing use of technology for urbanization[11], [12]. However consensus regarding its true meaning and implications has remained elusive [4], [13]. A considerable corpus of literature exists on definitions of smart city focussing on smart technologies, human resource and governance [14]. The concept has many historical predecessors such as intelligent city, information city, knowledge city,digital city and ubiquitous city, all of which imply the utilization of ICT in urban management for the benefit of citizens [15]. Generally, smart cities are understood as cities that use ICT to provide better services to citizens, like sanitation, transportation, healthcare, public safety, communication and various domain specific applications.

II. BACKGROUND

Numerous definitions of smart city can be found in literature and among the most cited are those given by Hall, Giffinger and Caragliu [16]. According to Hall, a smart city is a city that monitors and integrates all of its critical infrastructures to optimise its resources, plan preventive maintenance and monitor security aspects while maximizing services for its citizens [17]. Giffinger defines smart city as “a city well performing built on the ‘smart’combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens”[18]. Caragliu et al. consider a city to be smart when investments in social capital, traditional and modern communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance[13].

According to Al-Hader et al. the concept of smartness is represented by transmitting and receiving data to and from network elements for monitoring and controlling the operational framework needed for smart management of network assets [19]. Researchers at MIT SENSEable City Laboratory believe that a comprehensive smart city should take into consideration the city’s infrastructure and environment, accessibility to ICT and the education level of urban population. Moreover,the smartness of a city should be measured by its participatory governance, smart economy,smart urban mobility, smart environmental strategy and management of natural resources.Furthermore, a smart city is characterised by self-decisive, independent and aware citizens leading a high-quality urban life [20]. Authors in [1] opine that a smart city utilizes ICTs in a way that improves quality of life by tackling urban living challenges via efficient utilization of limited resources. According to authors in[21] the ultimate aim of smart city is the better use of public resources to provide high quality of services at reduced cost. Rong Wenge et al.hold that smart city uses advanced information technologies to gather and analyse data from city’s routine processes to provide better living conditions to its citizens [3]. It is observed that the definitions presented in literature focus primarily on technological aspects of a smart city whilst ignoring its social realities.

A lack of consensus as regards the definition and role of smart city has led to differing smart city architectures. Researchers have adopted a variety of approaches to address the issue of smart city architecture. Architectures based on technology, human interaction, services and data are found in literature. From a technology standpoint, smart city architecture is divided into three layers by [22]. Information storage layer stores all types of data related to smart city, followed by application layer that provides various end user services and finally user-interface layer for various graphical interface methods. On the basis of human interaction, Al Hader et al. [19] propose a five layered pyramid architecture. Smart infrastructure layer encompasses network and natural resources followed by smart database resource layer that holds database servers. Smart building management systems layer manages automotive control network. Smart interface layer provides integrated web services followed by smart city layer which integrates underlying layers.

Chourabi et al divide smart city influencing factors into two groups:outer factorsthat include people, environment, infrastructure,economy, administration andinner factorsthat consist of technology, organization and related policies [23]. From logical and physical perspective, authors in [24] propose five layer generic smart city architecture. Stake holder layer includes citizens, service layer provides information to people and businesses using application software. Business layer outlines rules and policies that manage smart city. Infrastructure layer holds necessary infrastructure whereas information layer stores and publishes data. From data point of view, Rong Wenge et al. propose multi-layered smart city architecture [3]. Data acquisition layer consists of sensors gathering various types of smart city data. Data transmission layer includes advanced communication and network technologies. Data vitalization and storage layer performs data cleaning, removes redundancy and resolves inconsistency. Support service layer provides necessary services to government, enterprises and citizens. Domain service and event driven smart applications layer integrates various smart-X systems. A data analytics based smart city architecture is proposed by Rathore et al., comprising four layers: Bottom tier-1 is responsible for data generation and collection, Intermediate tier-1 handles all types of communication, Intermediate tier 2 performs data management and processing using a Hadoop framework and Top tier provides various applications [25].

A comprehensive survey analysing literature about smart city and digital city from 1993 to 2012 is presented in [16]. Similarly,Anthopoulos performs a holistic literature review analysing different schools, approaches,case studies, classifying research projects and business products from 1998 to 2014, to generate a taxonomy clarifying smart city domain[4]. A thorough classification of global smart city projects highlighting success factors and new trends is presented in [26]. Other surveys of smart city and associated concepts can be found in [10], [27]. Zanella et al. provide a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT to support the smart city vision [21].

Given the ability of smart city to collect unprecedented amounts of information, the privacy of citizens may be endangered. Heterogeneous ICT infrastructure used to provide smart services is particularly susceptible to security attacks [28]. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the concept of smart city does not jeopardise the fundamental rights of its citizens. Antoni et al. propose a 5D model for citizens’ privacy that considers identity, query,location, footprint and owner privacy as key dimensions of privacy and offers some solutions [28]. Granjal et al. present a comprehensive survey of various security issues in IoT environments that include not only classical security issues like privacy, integrity, authentication and availability but also encompasses such concerns as anonymity, liability and trust[29].

The architectures presented in literature address genuine concerns of smart city like natural resources, infrastructure, technology and services. However, it is observed that the architectures proposed overlook the most significant component of a smart city viz. the people.The inhabitants of a city are invariably conjoined with a set of ethics that cannot be ignored. The concept of smart city encompasses numerous areas of human and societal wel-fare; therefore myriad facets need to be taken into consideration in the design of a comprehensive smart city model.

III. METHODOLOGY

As philosophies of culture, ethics, morality and law differ, the concept of IoT enabled smart city is also expected to differ. Encoding ethics into machines is a challenging task primarily because of the fuzziness inherent in the nature of ethics and difference of opinion surrounding the topic among philosophers,ethicists and religious thinkers. Also, ethicists do not usually express their theories in mathematical forms, so the challenge lies in transforming such ideas into computational structures amenable to implementation. What makes the question particularly difficult is its interdisciplinary nature that spans across diverse fields of study including psychology,sociology, philosophy, religion and artificial intelligence [30].

Nonetheless, these attributes constitute important elements of complex social milieu and as such cannot be ignored. The question of incorporating ethics into machines is typically explored in machine morality, also known as roboethics, machine ethics or friendly AI(Artificial Intelligence), often in the context of autonomous weapons, healthcare or more recently, driverless cars [31]. Machine morality concerns itself with the design of full-fledged autonomous moral agents called Artificial Moral Agents (AMAs) endowed with affective cognitive skills necessary for decision making based on ethical, moral, philosophical and religious grounds [32]. However, such vision may not be necessary for smart things in the IoT world.

The capability of full-fledged moral reasoning may not be necessary for smart things,rather only a subset of ethical parameters would be relevant to a device context. It is plausible to concentrate only on such values to guarantee ethics compliant machine behaviour than to identify principles for a universal moral theory. Also, humanity shares a rich reservoir of ethics across cultures that represents a fertile ground for further exploration.

We adopt an engineering perspective on the question of ethics which is indifferent to ontology, whether facilitated by utilitarianism,deontology, Kantian logic, divine command theory or any other ethical system, whatever suits the situation [33]. We aim to endow a smart thing with the ability to exhibit ethical behaviour relevant to its context, regardless of ontology.

Usually, device operation only concerns itself with functional requirements whilst ignoring the moral, ethical, legal, cultural, regional or any other policies that might also be applicable. A standalone perspective on things bereft of social implications results in a situation where essential human values like dignity,respect, privacy, honour etc. are left vulnerable. Moreover, as devices become smarter and autonomous it may lead to situations where serious injury to humans, even loss of life, can occur. Therefore it is essential to integrate ethics into smart things to ensure social friendly behaviour.

We propose to incorporate moral, ethical,legal, cultural, regional parameters relevant to the context of a thing within its functioning to transform it into an ethics-aware thing. By ethics-aware, we mean a smart thing is aware of the ethical responsibilities in its context and capable of displaying such ethical behaviour.We refer to these parameters collectively as Ethics of Operation (EOP) that combine with data and appropriate security measures to form an object. By inclusion of such mechanisms,loss of life, physical, psychological or emotional harm to human beings can be prevented.

First we express EOP relevant to a thing in its context in the form of propositional statements. Using the propositions we identity various scenarios that can occur in the interaction between a thing and its environment. Then we design appropriate ethical response to the scenarios as per requirement and express ethically compliant behaviour in the form of Boolean equations. Finally, the solution is implemented in hardware or software. The algorithm is shown below:

Algorithm:

1. identify context propositions

2. identify possible scenarios

3. design ethical response to scenarios

4. implement ethical response

Moreover, we propose dedicating a separate ethics layer in smart city architecture to facilitate smooth functioning of IoT within a particular moral ethical context. Objects representing real world things (data, security and ethics parameters) constitute building blocks of ethics layer. Ethics layer essentially expresses social values of a society so that the smart city is consistent with ethical and legal standards to safeguard the moral fabric of society. Such ethical framework possibly employs a set of semantic rules to codify moral, religious, ethical beliefs of a society. By implementing context specific EOP, ordinary objects are transformed into extraordinary objects capable of displaying ethical behaviour e.g. ethical toys,ethical knife, ethical home appliances etc. that can evolve into bigger ethical structures like children-friendly technology ecosystem etc.However, we believe that legal systems would need to remain proactive to counter any eventuality not congenial to the well being of the society.

IV. ETHICS AWARE OBJECT ORIENTED SMART CITY ARCHITECTURE

In our opinion, energy efficient technologically driven city does not necessarily lead to a smart city. Thirty years of research in technology in governance has indicated that complex interaction between technology and social structure cannot be ignored [14]. Researchers seem to have conflated Quality of Services (QoS)with Quality of Life (QoL) while designing technologies for urban society. Ethics, culture,tradition and law form essential components of quality of life that cannot be undermined.Though researchers usually limit technological aspects to ICT, we see in recent literature some interdisciplinary effort toward realising this vision, involving nanotechnology, biochemistry, and biotechnology [34]. Given the vast scope of smart city, interdisciplinary work is necessary in realising its vision [35].We view smart city as an approach, a methodology and a framework towards achieving a holistic well being of society rather than just a geographic location fulfilling certain technological attributes whilst devoid of complex social variables.

Thus, we define smart city as follows:

An interdisciplinary approach, leveraging advanced computing and communication technologies, to make intelligent use of public resources in order to improve quality of services as well as quality of life offered to citizens,such that it fosters holistic well being of society.

In order to address the problems of privacy,security and social needs of a smart city we propose our Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture (EOSCA). Our architecture has two distinguishing characteristics from other architectures presented in literature. Firstly, we propose object oriented layered architecture that describes real world things in terms of abstracted objects, containing relevant security and ethics parameters.Furthermore, we dedicate a separate layer in the smart city architecture called ethics layer to address ethical aspects of a city.

Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture (EOSCA) shown in Fig. 1 comprises five layers.Abstraction layerdefines objects for real world things, followed bynetwork layerthat provides Machine to Machine (M2M), Person to Machine (P2M) and Person to Person (P2P) communication.Data analytics layerconverts simple objects into compound objects andethics layeraccounts for socio-cultural and ethical aspects of a city.Lastly,business layerprovides domain specific services for various markets. Upper layer depends on the services provided by lower layer which in turn provides service to the layer above it, just as in case of the OSI model.The various layers in our architecture are described below:

Fig. 1 Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture (EOSCA)

Fig. 2 Representation of a simple object

4.1 Abstraction layer

Smart city would have the ability to gather immense private, sensitive and strategic data about individuals, enterprises and administration via sensors, smart phones and numerous other embedded devices. Various promising technologies for identification and addressing of smart things include RFID [36], electronic product code (EPC), ubiquitous code (ucode)[37], Ipv6, 6LowPAN [38] and named data networking (NDN) [39].

However, mere identification of things and collection of data is an over-simplification of smart city needs [40]. Not all data gathered from the surroundings is relevant in a given context. Only a specific set of data pertinent to the smart application is needed to provide a given service. Moreover, owners of smart things should be able to specify a profile for the thing and its associated data to control how data is shared with local or global network.

Thus we need a layer that we have named abstraction layer as against physical or infrastructure layer, to define objects that represent virtual manifestation of real world things. The concept of object (or simple object) abstracts data that is needed in a particular application and specifies its type and format. It also denotes various security and ethics parameters(EOP) relevant to the context of a smart thing to ensure that security and ethics are taken into consideration from the very outset. The intuitive and profound concept of object enables us to think about security and ethical aspects from the very beginning rather than devise quick fix solutions in case of unanticipated eventuality. A typical object contains device identification data, network address, data relevant to its context, related security and ethics parameters as shown in Fig 2.

Specifying objects rather than data enables us to have better control of smart things and also facilitates suitable aggregation at data analytics layer by avoiding unwanted associations. Our object has two characteristic features that make it different from other objects proposed in literature [41]. First, we incorporate privacy and security parameters of a thing within the object. Second, we also include ethics in the scope of an object by defining EOP relevant to the context. We agree with the view of Nitti et al. that it is preferable to have many-to-many relationship between objects and things to allow flexibility for different uses cases [41]. However, we disagree that an object must necessarily have a counterpart in the physical world. Virtual agents like chatbots do not have a physical counterpart. Also, in our model compound objects at higher layers may not have a direct mapping with real world things.

4.2 Network layer

Smart city connects a myriad of heterogeneous devices that require network layer to support a gamut of communication technologies [42].For short distance M2M communication,network layer uses various technologies like RFID [36], Near Field Communication (NFC)[43], ultra wideband (UWB) [44] and WiFi[45]. Z-Wave uses point-to-point communication and is typical for applications that require small data transmission like household appliance control, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning), wearable health care control and access control [46]. A recent version of bluetooth, Bluetooth Low-Energy(BLE) or Bluetooth Smart, using minimal power to operate for a long time (even for years), is a promising technology for vehicle to vehicle communication. Its range is 10 times that of the classic Bluetooth while its latency is 15 times lesser [47]. LTE-A (Long Term Evolution-Advanced) combines various communication protocols that are well suited for Machine-Type Communications (MTC),particularly smart cities where long term durability of infrastructure is envisaged [48].Moreover, LTE-A is apt for high speed data transfer among mobile nodes [49].

Network layer implicitly exhibits ethical behaviour by employing different QoS attributes for various types of data. Time critical applications like weather emergency (tsunami alerts), traffic route alerts in case of accident,especially healthcare related data should get priority over normal traffic. The network layer is provisioned to provide QoS for a combination of Machine to Machine (M2M), Person to Machine (P2M) and Person to Person (P2P)traffic [46].

4.3 Data analytics layer

Ubiquitous nature of sensor devices in a smart city would lead to gigantic amounts of data being generated from devices all across the board. Data analytics layer provides necessary cloud computing platforms to store maintain and process such enormous volumes of data while providing reliability, scalability and security.

Rather than working with mere data, our data analytics layer works with objects (data,security, ethics parameters) defined at the abstraction layer and aggregates them into compound objects. Attributes could be set in objects to prevent an aggregation not desired ethically. For example, individual sensors monitoring health of a person constitute simple objects. These objects merge at data analytics layer to give rise to a compound object reflecting complete health status of an individual. Several such compound objects over the population aggregate to form a compound health object indicating overall health status of a city like percentage of heart diseases, age specific diseases, patterns of illness,suggested lifestyle changes, drugs consumed most frequently, total expenditure on health etc as shown in Fig. 3. Also individual health information need not be uploaded on public internet, rather it makes more sense to share it over a specific LAN or private network. Society wide aggregate health information could be made available to medical universities to better understand health status of the society and recommend remedial treatments. Personal information like patient names, addresses etc need not be considered at this level in order to secure the privacy of citizens. Compound objects can also represent intangible concepts like climatic conditions, agricultural health,crime rate, eating lifestyle, shopping trends,traffic patterns on highways, economic disparity, lifestyle related health issues of a city etc.as depicted in Fig 4.

Fig. 3 Compound health object

Fig. 4 Various forms of a compound object

Often, aggregate information over a large spectrum is more important than data gathered by individual things. Smart city data mining comprises non-trivial process to reveal hidden and potentially valuable information from big data [50]. Advanced statistical models representing how a city functions could be developed to provide valuable insights for strategic city development.

Data analytics layer supports privacy and security of smart city data by using lightweight cryptographic algorithms and anonymization to conceal data-owner relationship[51]. However, security and privacy should not be considered merely a technical issue,rather management policies applicable should also be taken into consideration. Appropriate parameters could be defined in objects to prevent a combination of data points that might lead to unethical use of confidential user data or strategic information about the city.

4.4 Ethics layer

The most important element of a smart city is people and people are not just things. Various devices like smart phones, tablets and vehicles could sense, process and communicate a plethora of individual, enterprise and strategic government data. Unscrupulous collection of such information could lead to social problems of inequality, bias and discrimination [52].

The reductionist view that social progress comes from mere advanced technologies is fallacious. Limiting discussion to efficiency and effectiveness ultimately downplays the social reality that spawns such informational structures [53]. The concept of ‘responsibility’is a recent concern that has found its due place in science and technology after undergoing a wide range of legal, philosophical and religious discourse [54].

As different societies hold different perspective on ethics, morality and associated laws, the idea of ‘smart’ city is expected to vary as well. In our opinion, energy efficient technologically driven city does not necessarily lead to a smart city. Ethics, culture, tradition and legal aspects form essential ingredients of complex social palette. Without a solid framework of ethics, the concept of smart city might jeopardize the fundamental rights of its citizens and lead to bias and prejudice. Decisions motivated by exploiting particular physical,linguistic or cultural characteristics could lead to discrimination and persecution e.g. algorithms behind video surveillance systems in major European and American cities could be trained to direct the search at individuals from specific ethnic groups, supposedly more likely to be linked to criminal or terrorist acts [52].

The role of ethics layer is to establish limits by means of codes, policies, and rules that express social values of a society to guide appropriate ethics aware decisions. The ethics layer ensures that data collected from citizens is handled in a manner that conforms to ethi-cal, social, cultural and legal standards so that essential values of citizenship are not undermined. It also represents a layer where management and administrative decisions about a city like traffic routes to be followed on certain festivals, speed limit of vehicles etc are made. This layer protects strategic state data from being inadvertently shared with other governments. The implementation of such ethical framework would take place through the structuring of a system consisting of axioms,values, norms and finally a set of evaluation criteria [55].

In our smart city architecture, apart from data and security policies, objects also specify Ethics of Operation (EOP) that denote collection of moral, ethical, legal, cultural, regional parameters or management policies relevant to the context of an application. Simple objects (abstraction layer) and compound objects(data analytics layer) serve as building blocks of ethics layer to guarantee that smart city functions in a manner consistent with cultural,ethical and legal standards. These parameters enable us to take into account context-specific ethical responsibilities of smart things to prevent any inadvertent physical, emotional or psychological harm to human beings. Not only do individual things exhibit ethical behaviour by incorporating EOP at the device level, but ethics layer ascertains that M2M communication is also handled in an ethically compliant manner to give rise to high order ethical structures like ethical home, ethical school, ethical office and ultimately ethical smart city.

Ethics layer complements smart city with necessary flexibility to account for varying cultures and ethics of different societies. It incorporates indispensable human element into smart city architecture to facilitate its widespread adoption. Such enhancement would make the smart city paradigm appealing to the masses thereby improving its marketability and business value. Ethics layer essentially augments smart city paradigm with a local flavour to increase its social acceptance, scalability and economic value.

To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first effort to address the question of ethics, culture, law and social acceptance of smart city paradigm within the smart city architecture. We believe this layer is of immense strategic and economic value because the idea of smart city will only find widespread acceptance if people’s opinions,interests and concerns are taken on board.

4.5 Business layer

Smart city vision offers great market opportunity for manufacturers, service providers and businesses. Smart things and the services they provide to individuals, enterprises and governments represent a promising vertical market that is limited only by imagination [46]. Smart city integrates various smart technologies to provide intelligent transportation systems, industrial automation, smart grids, smart buildings, smart healthcare, smart homes and a plethora of applications to provide information of interest to the residents [56].

Business layer assures that there are no ambiguities or ethical concerns in the ‘terms and conditions’ of smart services made available to citizens. It guarantees that citizens do not become victims of aggressive marketing practices adopted by some business companies like the problem of unwanted ads, ethically distasteful notifications or undue tariff charges not compliant with the law. Business layer permits only those transactions that do not violate ethical, moral and legal standards of society e.g. in smart healthcare domain,business layer could make smart healthcare more accessible and legitimate by identifying inexpensive business markets for purchasing medicine, preventing sale of counterfeit drugs,unscrupulous stocking of medicines during emergency etc.

We call it business layer rather than application layer because the services provided are tailored to smart city markets to ensure that businesses flourish. Business layer receives valuable inputs from data analytics layer and ethics layer to understand the dynamics of economy of a smart city. Such insights would guide new start-ups and entrepreneurs toward viable business markets. It would enable policy makers to roll out strategic plans to reduce poverty and facilitate economic prosperity of smart city.

Smart city services should not be rolled out in a manner that increases the problem of digital divide among citizens. This can be achieved by facilitating awareness campaigns,especially for elderly and under educated,so that citizens benefit equally from the services of smart city. Also, there is a growing concern that automation of tasks via modern technologies might replace a large portion of human workforce thereby jeopardizing their livelihood [57]–[59]. Economic impact of introducing smart services needs to be carefully examined so that livelihood of underprivileged class is not usurped and they are not marginalised from the benefits of smart city.

Use Case: Smart Healthcare

Consider the following smart city healthcare scenario: A particular smart healthcare product monitors heart rate of patient and alerts close family members and the authorised doctor in case of an emergency. Moreover, as per the cultural norms prevalent in the city, not all health related information can be shared with all family members. Only authorized family members and the doctor have access to selective chunks of information. For instance,financial implications of a health condition like loan, unpaid bills etc. are to be disclosed only to a specific relative/guardian in case of emergency. The smart city highly values the life of its citizens and employs a strict law that requires healthcare providers bear full responsibility of providing emergency SOS to close family/doctor. In case these conditions are not met, they are liable for hefty fines. Similar rules apply if the system generates false emergency alerts. Also, smart city medical law requires that citizens be given the right to be forgotten. According to this law, it is mandatory for smart healthcare providers to delete individual identifying data after 5 years from the death of a person and non-compliance results in fine. Only privacy preserving anonymised data is to be used for research purposes by authorised medical practitioners.

The abstraction layer represents the above ethical legal requirements of smart healthcare in the form of EOP within the object of healthcare device. We denote the Ethics of Operation(EOP) in the above smart healthcare context using propositional variables e, s, a, f and d that indicate:

e: health emergency detected

s: emergency message x to person y.

Where x= information related to disease,loans, etc

y= close family member, doctor,friend etc

a: y is authorised to view x

f: fine smart healthcare provider

d: right to be forgotten applicable

The network layer displays ethical behaviour implicitly by giving high priority to healthcare data. In case a patient uses multiple healthcare devices, the objects representing them are merged at data analytics layer to form compound health object for the patient.

The ethics layer performs necessary computations to guarantee ethical legal conformity of smart healthcare service provider. For the sake of simplicity, consider variables e, a and s only. We construct a context table using these propositional variables to reflect various scenarios that can occur in the interaction between the smart healthcare product and its environment. These propositions take either true (T) or false (F) values that we denote by 1 and 0, respectively. The meaning of different codes and their ethical status is shown in Table I.

We define propositional functions E, A and S for variables e, a and s respectively that provide ethics compliant values to ensure that the healthcare product performs according to the ethical policies adopted.

Next we construct Manner Map, a mapping between various scenarios in the context table to corresponding ethically compliant scenarios in the manners table as shown in Table II.

In the above table the possible EOP conflicts have been handled as per ethics policies(shown in bold in the manners map). The Boolean equations corresponding to functions E, A and S are:

We notice the equations of E and A do not change the values of e and a respectively as occurrence of emergency and authorising permissions are not handled by the device.The equation S, reflecting ethical behaviour for sending SOS messages, indicates that both emergency situation and authorization requirement must be fulfilled. Only then an SOS is sent otherwise not. Similarly, propositional variables f and d can be considered for ethics evaluation. The method outlined above can have numerous application areas e.g. ethical home appliances, ethical machines, ethical transport, ethical smart home, ethical smart city etc. The business layer helps the patient identify nearest authorised healthcare facility to book appointment with a cardiac specialist.

V. CONCLUSION

The idea of smart city represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of providing modern civic amenities. There is an increasing trend among universities, enterprises and governments across the globe to collaborate in realising this vision. However, the role and responsibilities of a smart city are still ambiguous resulting in different smart city architectures. It is observed that the architectures presented in literature ignore social realities in the design of smart city. In our opinion, technologically advanced energy efficient city is not equivalent to smart city. The reductionist view that social progress comes from mere human ability to create advanced technologies is fallacious. Improved Quality of Service(QoS) does not by itself translate into improved Quality of Life (QoL). Ethics, culture,tradition and law form essential ingredients of complex social palette that should be incorporated into smart city architecture.

In this work, we have proposed our Eth-ics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture (EOSCA) to address the questions of privacy, security and ethics of a smart city.EOSCA consists of five layers. Abstraction layer represents real world things in terms of objects containing relevant security and ethics parameters, followed by network layer that holds necessary infrastructure and technology for communication. Data analytics layer performs data mining on objects, ethics layer accounts for socio-cultural ethical aspects of a city and lastly, business layer provides domain specific services tailored for smart city markets. Using the concept of object enables us to take privacy, security and ethical concerns into consideration from the very inception of smart city design rather than deal with consequent undesirable situation. Also, by dedicating a separate ethics layer to account for socio-cultural ethical aspects, social needs of a smart city essential for public adoption are ad-dressed. Such development promotes affability of smart city paradigm among the masses, enhancing its marketability and business value.We hope this work will enable researchers to work further in the direction of designing people friendly smart cities to foster holistic well being of societies.

Table I Context table for smart healthcare

Table II Manners Map for smart healthcare

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