滨海湾花园之湾南花园，新加坡

滨海湾花园/Gardens by the Bay

滨海湾花园之湾南花园，新加坡

Bay South of Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, 2012

滨海湾花园/Gardens by the Bay

1 全景/General view

新加坡已经开启由“花园城市”走向“花园中的城市”的国际都市转型之路，制定了周全的全盘计划来提升绿化及植被覆盖率，由此显著提升新加坡的生活品质。

滨海湾花园意识到了这项政策动向，立即制定了发展规划。在新一期规划中，滨海湾花园定位为国际领先标准，应在可持续自然资源的管理及其他方面，采用前沿的创新成果和环境友好技术。滨海湾花园项目由国家公园委员会发起，此后逐步发展为一个独立组织。

滨海湾花园扩建后的占地面积达101hm2，这片滨海公园将成为滨海湾景观的一部分。它是新加坡建设国际大都市下一阶段发展的核心项目，也是新加坡走向“花园中的城市”这一愿景的必备部分——让这座岛国成为一片绿植与鲜花所编织的地毯。在这一计划框架下，滨海湾花园凝聚了新加坡这座花园中的热带大都市的实质内涵——为人们提供完美的生活、工作和游憩环境。

滨海湾花园的设计理念遵循环境可持续性原则。花园建设一期是“湾南花园”，能量与水源的可持续循环是规划设计的共同目标。

冷却温室

这两座玻璃冷却温室——分别是“花穹顶”与“云森林”——容纳了两个生物群落，分别模拟了干冷地中海气候下的亚热带半干燥地区，和湿冷气候下的热带山区。温室中培植着多种多样的植物，它们在新加坡所在的区域很少见，却有很高的保护价值。

制冷机所使用的能量是由生物质锅炉供给的，锅炉燃料来自滨海湾花园和新加坡全岛范围内的国家公园所产生的农业废料。

冷却温室如同一项可持续工程的宣言，应用了一系列前沿科技，来提供制冷的节能措施。

·这两座建筑采用的玻璃材料，能够最大限度采光，同时过滤掉大部分热量。

·温室内只对正在使用的区域进行制冷，由此降低需要冷却的空气量。

·温室中的空气首先会排入液体干燥剂，以降低空气湿度。这道程序能节省冷却过程所需的能量。

一项能耗分析报告显示，在应用这些节能技术后，温室的耗能仅与新加坡相同占地和高度的普通商业建筑的耗能相当——平均至24h的制冷周期来看。

温室中使用的这套技术相比传统制冷技术来说，能实现至少30%的节能。

超级树

“超级树”模拟了热带雨林中成熟的巨型树木的外形及功能。

这18座树形结构，高度从25～50m不等。它们是独一无二的垂直花园，展示了多样性的凤梨科、蕨类、兰科植物及热带攀援花卉。如此巨大的尺度在其他花园中前所未见。

其中11棵“超级树”应用了环境可持续技术。有些在冠部安装光伏电池，所捕获的太阳能会在晚上用于“超级树”的照明；另一些“超级树”与冷却温室相结合，作为温室的排气装置。

湖水系统

花园中的湖水系统集合了关键的生态功能，是一个活态系统。它既是花园集水系统中的天然水源过滤器，又为鱼类、蜻蜓等多样性生物提供了水生栖居地。

湖水系统由两个主要湖体组成——蜻蜓湖与翠鸟湖，它也是滨海湾储水系统的延伸。花园中流失的水分将会汇集至湖水系统中，并由水生植物净化，最终排入储水池。湖水中的天然净化水也会用于花园的内置灌溉系统。

湖水系统展现了植物在生态系统的健康运行中发挥的关键作用。它将提升人们对自然界中水生植物价值的认知，并强调洁净水源在维持生物多样性中的重要性。（黄华青 译）

Singapore has been embarking on a paradigm shift as it develops from a 'Garden City' to a 'City in a Garden' in a global city, with a much more holistic and all-encompassing programme to enhance greenery and flora, and so, to raise the quality of life in Singapore significantly.

Gardens by the Bay realises this paradigm shift and partakes antiphase of development. Premier development leading this new phase, Gardens by the Bay is positioned with the best international standards, in applying cutting-edge innovations and environmentally friendly technology, for sustainable natural resource management and other aspects. Started as a project by the National Parks Board, the Gardens has since grown to become an independent organisation.

Gardens by the Bay will eventually occupy 101 hectares of prime land by the water as part of Marina Bay. Situated at the heart of Singapore's next phase of development as a global city, the Gardens is an integral part of Singapore's 'City in a Garden' vision in which the island-state is woven into a green and floral tapestry. Under this plan, Gardens by the Bay will capture the essence of Singapore as the premier tropical City in a Garden with the perfect environment in which to live, work and play.

Underlying the concept of Gardens by the Bay are the principles of environmental sustainability. For Bay South, the first phase of the Gardens' development, a concerted effort was made to plan and design for sustainable cycles in energy and water.

Cooled conservatories

Comprising two glass biomes, the cooled conservatories – Flower Dome and Cloud Forest -replicate the cool-dry climate of the Mediterranean and semi-arid sub-tropical regions and the coolmoist climate of the Tropical Montane region respectively. They house a diverse collection of plants that are not commonly seen in this part of the world and are of high conservation value.

The energy used for powering the chillers is produced by a biomass furnace that uses horticultural waste produced within Gardens by the Bay and island-wide by Singapore's National Parks Board.

The cooled conservatories are a statement in sustainable engineering and apply a suite of cuttingedge technologies that provide energy-efficient solutions in cooling:

·The two structures are fitted with a glass material that allows optimal light in but cuts out a substantial amount of heat.

·Tey also apply the strategy of cooling only the occupied zones, thus reducing the volume of air to be cooled.

·The air in the conservatories is first dehumidified by liquid desiccant, which reduces the moisture content of the air. This cuts down the amount of energy required in the cooling process.

An energy modelling study showed that, by applying the technologies, the energy consumption for the conservatories is comparable to that of an average commercial building in Singapore of the same footprint and height, normalised to a 24-hour cooling period.

Tis suite of technologies can help to achieve at least 30% savings in energy consumption, compared to conventional cooling technologies.

2 湖边全景/General view from the lake

3 冷室与超级树共生关系的图示/Schematic diagramdemonstrating the symbiotic relationship between the Cool Conservatories and the Supertrees

4 芦苇床剖面/Section showing reed beds

Supertrees

Te Supertrees reflect the form and function of mature trees to illustrate the emergent giants of the ainforest.

Ranging in height from 25 ～ 50m, the 18 treeike structures serve as unique vertical gardens howcasing a diverse variety of bromeliads, ferns, rchids and tropical flowering climbers, on scale ever before presented in a garden.

Eleven of the Supertrees are embedded with nvironmentally sustainable features. Some have hotovoltaic cells on their canopies to harvest solar nergy for lighting up the Supertrees at night. Others are integrated with the cooled conservatories nd serve as air exhaust structures.

Lake system

The Gardens' lake system incorporates key cological processes and functions as a living system. It acts as a natural filtration for water from the Gardens catchment and provides aquatic habitats for biodiversity such as fishes and dragonflies.

Encompassing two main lakes –the Dragonfly Lake and Kingfisher Lake, the lake system is designed to be an extension of the Marina Reservoir. Water run-off from within the Gardens is captured by the lake system and cleansed by aquatic plants before being discharged into the reservoir. Naturally treated water from the lake system is also used in the built-in irrigation system for the Gardens.

The lake system exemplifies the role and importance of plants in the healthy functioning of our ecosystem. It raises awareness of the value that aquatic plants play in nature, and highlights the significance of clean water in sustaining biodiversity.

5.6 冷室内景/Interior view of the Cool Conservatories

7.8 超级树/Supertrees

评论

龙灏：在“生物准则城市”原则的指导下，这个位于新加坡的园林与新建温室项目呈现出了某种不同于传统植物园的形态，无论是温室的建筑形态还是最高达到50m的“垂直花园” ——“超级树”。建设者不再一味简单地为了给来自气候迥异于新加坡热带气候的、超过10万种的来自其他地区的植物提供合适的人造环境而不顾因此造成的巨大能耗和碳排放，而是尽力从建筑形态设计开始就试图营造一个既利用人工新技术、也利用这些传统上只被视为观赏对象的各类植物所产生的“生物能”，形成可以减低或消化自身排放、能耗“自洽”的小环境。这一项目的实践，无疑将对未来所有人造环境的规划与建筑设计、材料与技术应用提供一个可以深入研究的案例。

林波荣：滨海南花园令人印象深刻的是用高科技的手段，将自然、环保、生态的理念融于一体。高透光强遮阳的围护结构、地板供冷、溶液除湿、热电联产等技术应用于特色景点花穹和云雾林冷室，在我印象里似乎是第一次。这些技术对于高热高湿的新加坡地区而言，有利于系统能源利用效率的显著提升，节能近30%。特别有趣的是，擎天大树树冠体现了被动式技术（如遮阳、雨水回收）和机械通风空调系统、太阳能光伏电池等主动式系统的结合，在形式上是一种创新。其雨水收集过滤系统的设计理念也值得称道，花园内的径流由水生植物净化后排入临近的滨海湾蓄水池，经过天然处理的水源还成为新的灌溉水源。

Comments

LONG Hao: Under the guidance of 'bioprincipled city', this newly built garden and conservatories project in Singapore showed a different form from traditional botanical gardens, whether it's the architectural form of the conservatories or the 'vertical gardens' reaching 50m -'Supertrees'. Te architect no longer simply provides artificial environments suitable for the plants coming from over a hundred thousand different regions whose climates greatly differ from the tropical climate in Singapore, regardless of the huge energy consumption and carbon emissions, but tries to create a small environment that can reduce or digest its own emissions and be self-consistent with its energy consumption, taking into use both artificial technology and the 'bio-energy' produced by plants which traditionally are regarded only as ornamental objects from the design of the architectural form. Te practice of this project will undoubtedly provide a sample for in-depth study of the planning and architectural design and the application of materials and technology for all man-made environments in the future. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

LIN Borong: What most impressive for Gardens by the Bay is its high-tech solution unifying the concept of nature, environment and ecology in to a comprehensive whole. Technologies such as highly translucent yet solar shading effective building envelope, floor cooling, dehumidifier, and heat-power cogeneration are applied at architecture scale, for the first time to my knowledge, in the special attraction super trees as well as the two cooled conservatories. These technologies are especially effective in increasing the efficiency of energy consumption for a city with high temperature and humidity, such as Singapore, saving 30% of energy. What's even more interesting is that the crown of the super tree reflects the formal innovation that combines the passive systems such as shading and rain water collection with positive systems such as mechanical ventilated airconditioning system and solar panels. At the same time, the realisation of the concept of rain water collection and cleaning system is also very worth mentioning. Te streams in the garden will be biologically cleaned after flowing through the water purifying plants before discharged into water reservoir at the Bay. Ten the naturally cleaned water may also serve as irrigation water in return. (Translated by LUO Dan)

9 园区内景/Main Garden（1-9图片来源/Source: Gardens by the bay）