松辽流域农民用水合作组织发展思路探析

贾政强，赵鹏敏，王剑峰（水利部松辽水利委员会，吉林长春130021）

松辽流域农民用水合作组织发展思路探析

贾政强，赵鹏敏，王剑峰
（水利部松辽水利委员会，吉林长春130021）

文中通过总结松辽流域农民用水合作组织发展现状，分析影响其发展的制约因素，提出适合松辽流域特点的农民用水合作组织发展思路：①落实综合改革措施，增强发展内在动力；②依托专业合作社，发展社会化服务组织；③拓展财政支持渠道，加强农业用水监管。

松辽流域；农民用水合作组织；思路探析

1 用水合作组织发展现状

截至2015年底，松辽流域共成立各类农民用水合作组织1 923个，其中在民政部门注册729个，在工商部门注册199个，注册率达48%。农民用水合作组织按所在灌区类型划分，大型灌区有389个，中型灌区有498个；按组建形式划分，以渠系工程边界组建的有532个，以行政边界组建的有1 391个。流域参与农民用水合作组织的农户达108万户，管理灌溉面积94.8万hm2，约占松辽流域农田灌溉面积的11%。据调查，2015年全流域运行良好的农民用水合作组织有709个，运行良好占比仅为37%。

2 发展面临的问题

1）运行管护经费保障不足。松辽流域农民用水合作组织运行管护经费主要来源为自筹，运行管理资金不足是制约其发展的主要问题。农民用水合作组织刚成立时，多数未得到政府补助，办公经费主要来自会员缴纳的水费，由于每年灌溉次数不同,加之水费收缴不理想，造成经费来源不稳定，难以保障农民用水合作组织正常运行。

2）自身“造血”功能较弱。松辽流域传统农民用水合作组织由于功能单一，基本框架和制度虽已建立,但利益链条尚未形成,缺乏盈利机制就像缺少“心脏”，农民用水合作组织“造血”功能不足，对未来的发展形成制约。部分农民用水合作组织也仅能做到对农田水利设施简单修补，没有充分发挥其功能作用，发展缺乏后劲。

3）稳定的发展机制尚未形成。流域运行较好的农民用水合作组织大多依托农田水利项目或改革试点组建，政府引导作用明显，尚未形成农民自主自发成立组织的政策环境，农民用水合作组织组建和废弃随意性较大；另外，许多农民用水合作组织由村集体有威望的村干部牵头组建，个人对组织的影响较大，缺失稳定发展的机制护航。

4）农业用水监管能力薄弱。随着松辽流域大规模农田水利建设的推进，农田水利基础设施不断完善，农田灌溉对水资源的需求能力不断增大，其对当地水资源负面影响也逐步凸显，特别是在流域西部干旱缺水地区，由于农民用水合作组织在水资源节约及可持续利用方面缺乏有力的措施，对农业用水监管依然薄弱。

3 发展思路探析

松辽流域农田灌溉是保障粮食产量的重要支撑手段，积极发展农民用水合作组织是实施农田灌溉、破解农田水利“最后一公里”问题的重要抓手。松辽流域作为我国现代农业发展试点示范地区，农业生产经营规模化、社会化、专业化发展程度较高，应在现有农民用水合作组织发展模式的基础上，顺应农业生产经营社会化分工细化的趋势，分不同区域工程特点支持农民用水合作组织创新发展。

在流域东中部水田灌溉区，依托灌区管理单位对农民用水合作组织进行技术指导。目前农民用水合作组织功能大多限于收缴水费等辅助作用，今后应重点扶持拓展其功能，使其成为灌区运行管护的独立责任方，明确其社会法人地位。农民用水合作组织统筹解决干渠以下工程的建设管理，在合作组织之下可成立各类专业的维修养护、水费收缴、灌溉管理等社会化组织。鼓励合作组织作为独立主体参与农业水权、水价及工程产权制度改革。

在流域西部旱田灌溉区，特别是东北四省区节水增粮行动项目区，农田水利设施作为一种农业保障能力建设，发挥着至关重要的作用，但越是风调雨顺的年景，单纯的农田水利设施作用越不明显。因此，在农民用水合作组织建设中应积极嫁接种植、农机等专业合作社，一方面补足种植、农机合作社灌溉供水保障方面的不足，另一方面增强农民用水合作组织自身发展的后劲，实现联社互补，互惠共赢，便于逐步实现耕地托管模式及农业规模化经营。

流域中部广大地区雨热同期，正常年景降水基本能满足玉米等旱田作物生长期需求。该区域应在正常发挥农民用水合作组织作用外，重点关注极端气候条件下保障粮食安全，加强区域抗旱排涝能力建设，依托专业化社会化抗旱排涝应急服务队，创新发展农民用水合作组织，正常年景下负责设施日常维护和运行演练，极端气候条件下承担应急抗旱排涝等工作。

4 发展的对策与建议

1）落实综合改革措施，增强发展内在动力。按照农田水利工程产权制度、农业水权制度、农业水价等改革要求，将小型农田水利设施产权落实到村组集体，使用权转让给具备条件的农民用水合作组织，进一步明确责任主体；将农业灌溉水权落实到发展成熟的农民用水合作组织，对采取节水措施的合作组织给予奖励，实现农业水权在合作组织内外有偿流转；充分发挥农民用水合作组织在供水工程运行维护、用水管理、水费计收等方面的作用，逐步构建农民用水合作组织完整的利益链条，增强组织自身发展内在动力。

2）依托专业合作社，发展社会化服务组织。积极探索发展专业化程度更高、利益关系更紧密的各类农民专业合作社，将灌溉服务纳入合作社职能，将服务拓展到农业生产经营全过程。随着松辽流域农村土地承包权确权登记的完成和农村人口的转移，土地流转将进一步加快，农业经营走向规模化的同时，生产分工将逐步细化，适时扶持带有企业性质的水利社会化服务组织发展，为实现农田水利设施的专业化维修养护提供实施载体和市场主体。

3）拓展财政支持渠道，加强农业用水监管。应继续加强财政支持力度，通过农田水利设施设备购置补贴、农业水费补贴、购买服务等方式，对农民用水合作组织参与农田水利工程运行维护工作给予补助；探索农田水利建设“以奖代补、先建后补”具体实施办法，规范合作组织作为农田水利建设申报主体和实施主体的各项要求。松辽流域西部干旱缺水地区生态环境较脆弱，当地干部群众发展高效节水灌溉的意愿强烈，但也应避免地下水资源不合理开采，加强农民用水合作组织在农业用水监测管理方面的作用。

5 结语

随着松辽流域农村改革的不断深化，土地流转和现代农业发展不断加快，新型农业经营主体对农村水利建设与管理的组织化和专业化要求越来越迫切，必须大力鼓励农民用水合作组织创新发展，破解农田水利“最后一公里”难题。通过营造良好的政策环境，积极发挥市场作用，加强政府扶持引导，努力使农民用水合作组织成为流域农田水利改革发展的有力抓手，为东北地区现代农业发展和国家粮食安全做出贡献。

[Abstract]The existing cost allocation method of the inter-basin water diversion has still exist some problems, because some factors are not considered for each water receiving area,including the shortage degree of water resources,the benefit differences of water resources,the development level of economic society.Based on the water resources amount per capita,water consumption per ten thousand Yuan and GDP per capita,the cost allocation adjusting coefficient of the inter-basin water diversion operation is established,which has used in water supply cost accounting of the entrance for the first phase of the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project.The result shows that the two part water price calculated by the adjusted allocation coefficients is more accord with the natural situation of water resources and society and economic situation for the each water receiving area along the project and is beneficial to the cost allocation of water diversion project with the fair and the rea sonably.

[Key words]inter-basin water diversion;cost allocation;water price

Analysis and comparison of horizontal displacement monitoring methods for South-to-North water diversion project

ZHAO Yi-chun,WANG Shu-bao,AI Ming-ming

The paper analyzes and compares systematically common monitoring methods of horizontal displacement for the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project,introduces the principle,accuracy analysis, advantages and disadvantages of the methods,which has the certain guiding value for the selection of the horizontal displacement monitoring method in the main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project.

lSouth-to-North water diversion project;horizontal displacement monitoring;monitoring method; analysis

Seepage analysis of concrete rockfill dam based on solute tracer method

LI Zhi

[Abstract]According to the seepage problem of the dam for some a hydro-junction project,the solute tracer method is used to test seepage position and to analyze the results.Based on the analysis results,the corresponding treatment measures of reservoir seepage control are put forward.The results show that there is strong seepage near 10m elevation in the upstream and downstream of the left abutment wall,there is a leakage path formed in the sand layer under the right abutment,there is a strong seepage around dam in the part of the dam abutment,the global flow direction of shallow groundwater is from east to west and the speed of flow is larger at the toe of dam.

[Key words]lsolute tracer method;reservoir seepage;analysis

Review of construction organization design for Lianghekou hydropower station

ZHANG Wei-feng,YANG Chen-guang,CAO Jia-yun,WANG Hui-jie

[Abstract]Lianghekou hydropower station is located in Tibetan inhabited place and is a super large project. Therefore,the work quantity is large,dam filling material source is multiple and dispersed,working intensity is high,onsite access is complex and transportation amount is large and the construction condition is bad.In the feasibility study period,lots of deep researches are made for the construction organization design,includes the impervious soil material of dam core wall,concrete aggregate,construction diversion,simulation analysis of onsite access,construction planning of the dam,overall layout planning of construction and so on.The study results could better solve the difficult problems of construction organization design.

[Key words]lLianghekou hydropower station;feasibility study;construction organization design

Application of analytic hierarchy process in evaluation of reservoir water environment quality

SUN Da-ming

[Abstract]The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)is adopted to evaluate comprehensively the water environment quality of Liuda reservoir in Dalian City,and the satisfactory results are obtained.The analytic hierarchy process has the characteristics of the strong logicality,practicality and systematic,which could reflect the real water quality situation of the evaluation water.

[Key words]lanalytic hierarchy process;water environment;quality evaluation

Study on health evaluation of medium and small rivers in North China

ZHOU Qiang,LIU Jian-wei,LI Ming,ZHANG Can

[Abstract]Based on the own characteristics,human activity and the easy availability of data of the medium and small rivers in North China,following the framework of the river health evaluation indicators,standards and methods,the indicators of the satisfaction degree of ecological flow and the retention ratio of natural wetland are adjusted optimally.Taking the Baicheng City section of Taoerhe river in northeast China as an example and taking 2014 as the evaluation year,the paper analyzes and compares the evaluation results before and after indicators adjustment.The results show the adjusted indicators system is more accord with the reality situation.Taking three different typical years as evaluation year,the river health is evaluated by using adjusted indicators system.The results show the differences between evaluation results in different evaluation years are small and the result evaluated by using adjusted indicators is more rational.

[Key words]North China;medium and small river;river health;Taoerhe river;Baicheng

Study on slope stability of water inlet for diversion tunnel of Zhuwei reservoir

HOU Shou-jie

[Abstract]Because the diversion tunnel has direct influence on the subsequent construction and the slope stability is one of the important conditions to ensure the stability operation of diversion tunnel.Taking the water inlet of left diversion tunnel of the Zhuwei reservoir as an example,the numerical simulation is built to analyze and judge the stability of the side slope,which could guide the construction of the excavation and reinforcement.

[Key words]Zhuwei reservoir;diversion tunnel;slope;stability;study

Study on operation control mode of long distance open channel water conveyance system

WANG Zheng

[Abstract]The paper introduces 4 kinds of the common operation modes of long distance open channel water conveyance,including the operation modes of upstream constant water level,midpoint constant water level, downstream constant water level and the control capacity.Combining with the practical example,the paper calculates the operation modes of downstream constant water level and midpoint constant water level,establishes the typical mathematical model to simulate unsteady flow and calculates the unsteady flow process under the different operation condition referencing the characteristic line method.

[Key words]open channel;water conveyance system;operation;control mode

Study on cost allocation method in operation of main line of South-to-North water diversion mid-route project

QI Xue-yan,ZHANG Xue,LU Ya-ping

F4

B

1002－0624（2017）02－0069－02

2016-11-06