浅谈短文改错
2017-04-12严良胜
严良胜
短文改错知识面广,综合性大,给学生带来极大困难。要做好这类题学生不仅需要掌握扎实的语法知识,还要有较强的阅读和分析判断能力。下面谈一下自己在教学实践中的浅薄体会。
一 培养综合能力
短文改错是综合能力的考查,所以要从听、说、读、写抓起,有目的、有步骤、循序渐进地提高学生的改错能力。
1. 打好语言基本功。 由于学生在学习中的错误大量存在于口头、笔头训练中,所以教师平常在课堂上要注意对学生的口头、笔头能力的培养,要在课堂上要求学生用所学新的词汇、词组造句,然后做笔头练习。如adjust to 可以让学生造句:
The body qicckly adjusts to itself to changes in temperature。
The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child。
通過造句,使学生对adjust to 有了充分理解,如改错中对这个短语使用不当,便可以一眼识别。
2. 精炼短文改错。练习可以从单句入手,逐步提高判断错误的能力。教师可以把平时典型错例子拿来,由于难度低,可以提高答题的准确率,且能收到良好的效果。通过大量单句练习,学生可以进一步打下坚实的基础。
3. 写作练习。
在写作练习中要养成认真检查,反复润色的习惯,自批自改,自我发现文章中可能存在的问题,看看有没有拼写、用词、逻辑等方面的错误,把错误降到最低。
学生互改。互相纠错,强化识错能力。一是可以相互学习借鉴作文优点;二是可以发现错误并加以改正,从而提高自己识错纠错的能力。
二 改错答题技巧
首先,要了解改错的命题特点,多词、缺词、错词等。其次,做题时还应该注意:短文改错是以短文为单位,而不是以句子为单位设置错误的。所以做题时,一定要通读短文,领会大意,把握短文的整体性。在此基础上,逐句审读,多方分析,切忌读一句改一句。要上下兼顾,不可顾此失彼。
(一)错词。此类试题所占比例大,类型多,情况复杂,下面举出几个常见错误的例子。
1.数:名词、动词的单数和复数,人称代词、反身代词的数。如:
---They hold the idea that newspapers dont catch peoples eyes because---(2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
---There exist now a park with a small river---(2016届安师大附中最后一卷)
---I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.---(2016年全国卷3)
做这类题时,要考虑到词的用法,前后意义的一致,主谓的搭配等各个方面。这类题目语法难度不大,做题时一定要细心。
2.意:主要是关于文章的意义、行为逻辑、句子的肯定、否定及衔接等。如:
--- I have never left my parents for so long, but I miss them very much.---
(2016届蚌埠二中上学期10份月考)
---Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.---
(2016年全国卷1)
这类题主要是考查对于文章整体意义的理解,判断错误不能只从整个句子本身去看,而是从上下文,乃至整篇文章去看。
3.格:指名词的所有格、代词的主格、宾格的误用以及人称代词和不定代词的误用。如:
---Instead,he hopes that our business will grow steady.---(2016年全国卷1)
---we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.---
(2016年全国卷2)
---Im writing to tell you anything about my university life.---
(2016届蚌埠二中上学期10份月考)
4.语法:这是改错题中出现最多的一类,主要考查学生对基础知识掌握的程度,要求学生熟练掌握并灵活运用相关知识。如:固定短语的搭配,非谓语动词,各类从句等。如:
---because they lack the sound and video what make other sources of information more exciting.---( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I love .---(2016年全国卷1)
--- We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.---( 2016年全国卷2)
--- I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.--- ( 2016年全国卷3)
另外,冠词、动词时态、动词语态、介词、连词的运用等错误也要注意。如:
--- Recently students of our school have made the survey of “Views on Newspapers”.---
( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
--- At first it was difficult to me to do everything on my own,---
(2016届蚌埠二中上学期10份月考)
---Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.--- (2016年全国卷1)
5.时:指文中动词时态考点。做题时一定要通读全文,弄清文章的整体时态。如:
--- It is three months since I come here.---(2016届蚌埠二中上学期10份月考)
--- The people interviewed held two different opinions. 45% of them enjoy reading newspapers--- ( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
6.代:反身代词、代词与它所代替的名词在性、数、格等方面的一致。如:
--- people can make use of whatever means to gather information as long as its convenient for us. --- ( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
--- A sports center has been built in their place.--- (2016屆安师大附中最后一卷)
---I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.--- (2016年全国卷3)
(二)多词。这种类型的错误多出现在结构功能词方面,做这类题目时,应纵观全文整体理解,只看前后几个词是不能完全断定是否有多词的。如:
--- As for study, I major in the English because English is my favorite subject.---
(2016届蚌埠二中上学期10份月考)
--- Additional, reading also makes people to think,---
( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
--- Though not very big ,but the Restaurant is popular in our area--- (2016年全国卷1)
(三)缺词。缺词的含义是句子漏掉了必不可少的词,致使句子结构不完整,这类错误一般多见于功能词。如:
--- At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever ∧need help---.(2016年全国卷3)
I
--- Moreover, people can read whatever section they are interested∧.---
in
( 2016届合肥168上学期第四次阶段考试)
--- My uncle says that he never dreams ∧becoming rich in the short period of time.---
of
(2016年全国卷1)
综上所述,改错这类题主要是考查学生对基本句式,基本短语的掌握情况,是一项基本功能的考查。引导学生弄清错误所在及出错原因,从而收到较好的效果,让学生在练习中掌握解题技巧和方法。