发酵饲料在养殖业中的研究进展
2017-04-04卫爱莲李吕木李姗鲁陈代张超
卫爱莲,李吕木,李姗,鲁陈,代张超
(安徽农业大学动物科技学院,合肥 230026)
发酵饲料在养殖业中的研究进展
卫爱莲,李吕木*,李姗,鲁陈,代张超
(安徽农业大学动物科技学院,合肥 230026)
发酵饲料是一种绿色环保的动物饲料,不仅能改善饲料的适口性和提高饲料的营养吸收水平,还能增强机体的免疫功能,提高动物健康。文章对发酵饲料在猪、鸡、反刍动物和水产动物等畜禽养殖业中的应用作以综述,并对发酵饲料的发展前景进行了展望。
发酵饲料;猪;鸡;反刍动物;水产动物
随着现代科技的迅速发展,养殖业生产技术更是突飞猛进,由于养殖方式从散养到集中饲养的转变,一般普通饲料不能满足畜禽的营养需要,某些饲料如饼粕类饲料中含有硫甙、单宁,芥子酸及棉酚等有毒有害物质可导致人畜中毒。还有一些饲料原料含有某些特殊的气味,降低了饲料的适口性。更有某些饲料可导致动物发生腹泻等病症的出现,在此前很长一段时间,抗生素的使用曾一度解决了这一问题,但是随着时间的推移,病原体产生了很强的抗药性,一些药物的残留不仅危害动物,最终也会给人类的健康带来极大的威胁[1]。目前,发酵饲料的发展,很好的解决了这一问题,与一般普通饲料相比,发酵饲料具有以下5大优势:饲料经过微生物的发酵,具有酸香味,改善了饲料的适口性,增加畜禽的采食量;发酵经过一系列的生物化学反应,将一些大分子的纤维素和蛋白质等分解为小分子且易被消化吸收,提高了饲料中营养物质的消化率和利用率;某些微生物如乳酸杆菌可抑制霉菌生长,并对毒素有一定的降解作用,因此发酵还可以降解饲料中的有毒有害物质;一般用于发酵的都是益生菌,可增强畜禽肠道有益菌的定植和提高免疫力;不同的发酵菌种都能产生促生长因子,可促进动物的生长。发酵饲料作为新型无抗型饲料,在饲料行业受到广泛的关注。发酵饲料还具有发酵原料多样化、无抗生素残留、绿色环保等优点,在猪、鸡、牛、羊等畜禽动物生产中广泛应用[2]。
1 发酵饲料概述
发酵饲料是指在人为的控制下,微生物通过自身的生长代谢活动,将饲料中的抗营养因子及对有毒有害的物质,分解或转化为能被畜禽采食、消化、吸收、利用且无毒无害的物质,形成营养丰富、适口性好,活菌含量高的生物活性饲料或饲料原料。饲料经发酵后,不仅能提高饲料的适口性和营养价值,还能增加动物机体的免疫力,提高动物健康,更减少了抗生素的使用,从而提高了动物产品的安全性[3]。发酵饲料根据生产工艺和饲料水分含量可分为固体发酵和液体发酵。固态发酵是指在几乎没有可以流动的水的固体基质表面上,微生物生长并产生代谢产物。液体发酵饲料是饲料与水按照1 ϑ 1.5~1 ϑ 4比例混合,经过充分发酵后达到稳定状态的饲料[4]。
2 发酵饲料的功能
发酵饲料中含有大量的有益微生物,例如乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、拟杆菌和曲霉菌等[5]。就目前而言,发酵饲料的常用菌种是乳酸菌、酵母菌和芽孢杆菌[6-9]。这些微生物在动物体内能够通过自身及其代谢产物对致病菌产生非特异性的颉颃作用,能抑制或减少有害菌的生成,从而能调节畜禽肠道生态平衡。发酵饲料可抑制饲料中有毒有害物质,如豆粕中含有的大豆抗原蛋白、胰蛋白抑制因子、植物凝集素、脲酶等抗营养因子,通过微生物发酵能改善其营养物质的消化吸收,减少腹泻的发生,提高动物健康[10-11]。用枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉菌发酵后的豆粕,豆粕中大分子物质从40%降低到2%和8%,胰蛋白酶抑制因子分别减少了96%和82%,仅用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵大豆粕,也得出了类似的结论,发酵豆粕中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子显著下降,大豆的营养价值也有所提高[12]。此外,通过微生物发酵后,能降低或是消除棉籽粕中含有的棉酚、环丙烯脂肪酸、植酸及植酸盐、非淀粉多糖等抗营养因子,增加采食量、维护动物健康、降低饲料中的有害物质、提高动物机体免疫力[13-15]。
发酵还可以利用一些杂粮、杂粕和农副产品的下脚料等非常规饲料进行发酵,这不仅能降低饲料的成本,还可以增加产品的收益[16]。用酵母菌发酵的木薯片蛋白浓缩饲料代替豆粕,提高了瘤胃发酵效率、肠道微生物蛋白合成率和营养物质消化率,并降低饲料成本[17]。而饲料中添加酵母菌发酵木薯渣可显著提高奶牛的粗蛋白消化率[18]。厌氧发酵饲料,可以使饲料中的纤维物质软化,且芽孢杆菌、酵母菌等好氧微生物的存在为乳酸的厌氧发酵提供了良好的条件,使乳酸菌产生大量的乳酸,降低饲料的pH,使得发酵饲料产生特有的酸香味,改善适口性,提高动物采食量。利用乳酸菌对饲料进行发酵时,在发酵期间可以产生酸性物质可杀灭和抑制杂菌的生长,产生浓郁的酸香味,对于改善动物产品风味和饲料的适口性具有良好的效果[19-20]。
3 发酵饲料在畜禽养殖业中的应用
3.1 鸡
发酵饲料在禽生产实践上的应用一般应用于肉鸡生产,主要改善了肉鸡的肠道菌群环境,促进肉鸡的免疫反应,利于肉鸡的生长[21]。相关研究表明,饲喂益生菌发酵饲料可显著增加肠道中有益菌乳酸菌的数量,降低有害菌大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等数量,解剖后可发现试验组空肠中段和回肠绒毛高度分别增加了22.6%和16.0%,从而改善肠道屏障功能[22-23]。发酵饲料不仅可减少肉鸡的肠道疾病,还可以提高肉鸡的生长性能。研究表明,饲喂固态发酵小麦,可提高肉鸡的生长性能和胴体品质,解剖后可观察到增加了肝脏的重量,湿态发酵饲料也可显著的提高肉鸡的生长性能、表观消化率和胴体品质[24-25]。酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌可以发酵豆粕,不仅如此还可以发酵非常规饲料,例如发酵干木薯渣饲料饲喂肉鸡,可提高饲料转化率,降低饲料成本,还能降低肉鸡异食癖的发生率[26]。
3.2 猪
发酵饲料不仅用于家禽生产中,还广泛应用于猪的生产,生产上多采用发酵的豆粕。研究表明,添加发酵豆粕可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养物质的消化率,尤其是蛋白质的消化率,其中以天冬氨酸和脯氨酸的回肠表观消化率增加显著,其他氨基酸的回肠表观消化率有所增加,但不显著[27-29]。发酵饲料对猪的肠道菌群也有影响,研究表明,饲料中添加发酵麦麸可显著降低断奶仔猪肠道中大肠杆菌的数量,乳酸菌发酵饲料可降低仔猪肠道pH,使乳酸菌含量显著增加[30-32]。发酵饲料对母猪和生长肥育猪也有相应的影响,研究表明,发酵豆粕可显著提高哺乳母猪血清中催乳素的浓度,还可提高母猪的繁殖力和产仔数[33]。发酵中草药饲料可降低生长肥育猪中胆固醇含量及脂质过氧化值和增加背最长肌瘦肉率[34]。
3.3 反刍动物
发酵饲料不仅广泛应用于猪、鸡等畜禽饲料中,近年来也广泛应用于反刍动物生产中。应用微生物发酵饲料,不仅可以提高奶牛的采食量、产奶量和饲料中养分的表观消化率,还可显著提高奶中乳蛋白、乳脂肪和乳糖的含量,改善乳品质[35-37]。其中发酵饲料中的菌株以酵母菌应用最为广泛,大多研究表明,酵母菌发酵玉米秸秆饲料,可增加奶牛肠道和消化道微生物数量,降低发病率,提高机体免疫力[38]。酵母菌发酵木薯渣蛋白料,能提高泌乳奶牛的瘤胃发酵效率和奶中蛋白质的含量[39]。不仅如此,微生物发酵饲料在肉牛生产上也有应用,可增加肉牛的肌肉嫩度、红度和亮度,改善肉质,降低血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和血液尿素氮的含量,可促进肉牛的生长[40-41]。其中用有益菌酵母菌发酵木薯淀粉渣饲料可提高肉牛干物质采食量和蛋白质消化率,微生物发酵饲料还可改善牛瘤胃中微生态环境,试验表明,酵母菌发酵木薯渣饲料可提高肉牛瘤胃pH,氨氮含量,总的挥发性脂肪酸,细菌和真菌数量,改善了瘤胃微生态环境[42]。微生物发酵饲料在山羊生产上也有应用,研究表明,饲料中加入酵母培养物的发酵饲料,可提高山羊的体内乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度,显著降低氨氮的浓度(P< 0.05),乳酸菌发酵饲料可增加山羊的干物质采食量和饲料的消化率[43-44]。
3.4 水产动物
发酵饲料在水产中主要应用于虾,用微生物发酵的饲料代替水产动物饲料中的鱼粉,可以有效的提高经济价值。发酵饲料还可祛除饲料中的某些毒性物质,像用一定量的发酵棉籽粉替代白虾饲料中的鱼粉,结果表明,发酵的棉籽粉不仅对白虾没有任何危害,还能增加白虾的重量,提高生长性能和饲料的转化率[13]。
4 发酵饲料应用注意的问题
虽然大量试验表明,在生产上添加微生物发酵饲料有利于提高畜禽的生长性能、健康状况和经济效益,具有较好的应用价值等诸多优点,但是由于我国的技术水平比较落后,存在着一系列的问题。
我国发酵饲料比国外发展晚,生产设备落后,缺乏专业的技术人员。目前,我国发酵饲料厂家规模比较小,没有检测、监控条件,生产设备不完善,技术人员对发酵饲料行业的知识了解的比较少,这样使得生产出来的发酵饲料存在安全隐患。由于发酵饲料生产厂家规模有限、资金周转量少,某些厂家不在正规单位购买菌种,因此用于发酵的菌种可能含有杂菌,导致了发酵饲料营养水平低下。
消毒、灭菌是发酵饲料的重要环节,是决定发酵饲料成功与失败的关键,但是很多厂家还没有建立起一套完整健全的管理制度,例如仓库管理不当、环境卫生差等都会影响发酵饲料的质量。发酵饲料生产厂家规模小、技术相对落后,生产的发酵饲料产品纯度低、菌种较杂,动物食用后会出现腹泻等症状,并在饲料中增加杆菌肽锌和金霉素等抗生素药物的使用,大量使用生长促进剂,给畜禽产品带来药物残留的问题。因此,就目前来看,我国的发酵饲料生产技术、设备、添加量和使用模式等各方面都还落后于欧美等国家。
5 小结
我国是一个农业大国,随着科学技术的迅猛发展,畜牧业也发展愈加迅速,发酵饲料在我国占有越来越重要的地位[45]。发酵饲料不仅可以消除饲料中的抗营养因子,改善饲料的适口性,而且能提高饲料的利用率,提高动物的生长性能。尽管存在一些问题,但是随着发酵饲料的发展,对发酵饲料的不断研究,这些问题终会迎刃而解。由此可见,发酵饲料必定会成为未来饲料发展的方向,并广泛应用在动物生产实践中。
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Research Progress of Fermented Feed in Livestock and Poultry Feeding
WEI Ailian,LI Lvmu*,LI Shan,LU Chen,DA Zhangchao
(College of Animal Science and Technology,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230026,China)
Fermented feed is green and environmentally friendly animal feed,improving the palatability,increas⁃ing the level of feed nutrient absorption,enhancing the immune function of organism,and improving animal health. This paper reviewed the application of fermentated feed in livestock and poultry feeding such as pigs,broiler,cattle, aquatic livestock,and including the forecast of its developing prospect.
fermented feed;pigs;broiler;cattle;aquatic livestock
S 814;S816.6
A
1001-0084(2017)05-0008-05
2017-03-12
卫爱莲(1992-),女,安徽宣城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物营养与饲料。
*通讯作者